Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Metal-Organic Frameworks, Graphene-Based Materials, and Carbon Nanotubes: A Comprehensive Review

Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets for Increased Emulsion Viscosity and Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery

“…Emulsions’ thermodynamic instability is well-recognized, and they may break down over time because the high interfacial energy per unit volume makes the pseudosurface area of the two liquids progressively smaller. , Thus, high interfacial energy is the driving force behind the aggregation and destabilization of emulsion droplets . If the emulsion is to reach equilibrium, it requires an external energy input, which is usually one of the three methods: high-energy emulsification techniques, low-energy emulsification at a constant temperature, or phase inversion temperature . But high-energy emulsification techniques need to utilize mechanical devices that yield robust, disruptive forces to thoroughly mix oil and water phases, low-energy methods rely on the presence of surface active molecules, and phase inversion methods can only occur in temperature-sensitive or heat-resistant molecules.…”