Pictorial Essay: Infants of diabetic mothers

Abstract

About 3 to 10% of pregnancies are complicated by glycemic control abnormalities. Maternal diabetes results in significantly greater risk for antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as congenital malformations. The number of diabetic mothers is expected to rise, as more and more of the obese pediatric female population in developed and some developing countries progresses to childbearing age. Radiologists, being part of the teams managing such pregnancies, should be well aware of the findings that may be encountered in infants of diabetic mothers. Timely, accurate, and proper radiological evaluation can reduce morbidity and mortality in these infants. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the imaging findings in the various pathological conditions involving the major body systems in the offspring of women with diabetes

A rare case report of bilateral complex macrocystic adrenal hemorrhage mimicking fetal neuroblastoma

“…Risk factors associated with adrenal hemorrhage in utero include maternal hypertension, maternal diabetes, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, asphyxia, shock, infections, thrombosis of inferior vena cava and left renal vein, and hemorrhagic disorders. [ 1 2 ] Although neonatal hemorrhage is common, accounting for 1.7–2.1 per thousand births, the incidence of antenatal hemorrhage is not elicited in any study and is rarely picked up in antenatal sonography. [ 3 ] Sonographic appearance can range from simply bulky echogenic adrenals to completely cystic lesion.…”

Evaluation of placenta and fetal lung using shear wave elastography in gestational diabetes mellitus: An innovative approach

“…Maternal diabetes affects fetal surfactant fluid secretion, which impairs fetal lung maturation, resulting in respiratory morbidity in newborns. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants of diabetic mothers is approximately six times higher [2].…”

Severe types of fetopathy are associated with changes in the serological proteome of diabetic mothers

“…[13,14] Hepatomegaly is also a common potential injury in infants caused by maternal diabetes and is strongly associated with macrosomia. [15] A strong predictive value of glycated hemoglobin for hepatomegaly has been proposed, but this indicator cannot be used by itself. [16] Ultrasound examination is still the most confident and reliable instrumental method for detecting fetal hepatomegaly.…”