Pierwsi Słowianie nad Wisłą w rejonie Krakowa / The first Slavs on the Vistula River in the area of Kraków

Abstract

The decline of antiquity, the Migration Period, was in Central Europe a time of fundamental changes, the content of which we are only gradually discovering. Stable settlement structures that existed here for centuries have mostly “disappeared” from the archaeological record. A new cultural quality has appeared: the Slavs. Eleven settlements dating back to the Early Slavic phase were discovered between Kraków-Mogiła and Wawrzeńczyce. Residents of these settlements began to arrive on the upper Vistula probably after the middle of the 5th century from eastern Europe, or more precisely from the upper Dnieper basin. In Poland, the earliest early Slavic sites, including those from the vicinity of Igołomia, are referred to as Prague culture. These small settlements consisted of a few semi-sunken dwellings, free-standing ovens and household pits. Handmade pottery has survived in their relics, and much less frequently other products, including “luxury” ones, such as combs, brooches and pendants. The population engaged mainly in agriculture, and non-agricultural production satisfied only domestic needs. Pots were made, wool was spun, fabrics were woven, wood tar was made, unsophisticated ornaments were cast, and iron was smelted from the ore, mainly for tools.

Assessment of Visual Values as a Tool Supporting the Design Decisions of the Cultural Park Protection Plan. The Case of Kazimierz and Stradom in Kraków

“…Special attention should be devoted to the studies of possibilities of the location of high-rise buildings [50] in the context of city panoramas as well as extensive research of visual absorbency [51]. At the same time, there are studies of historical substance and its perception [52].…”

Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE

“…While the historical events and processes underlying the transformation from Antiquity to Christianity in the territories of the Roman Empire are relatively well recognized, the processes that occurred in parallel outside the Empire, especially in the regions that did not belong to the newly formed Christian community [ 4 , 5 ], are poorly understood, including the appearance of Slavs in Central Europe [ 6 – 17 ]. Two conflicting hypotheses have been formulated [ 18 , 19 ] to explain the appearance of Slavs. The allochthonous hypothesis states that Slavs migrated to this region of Europe no earlier than the sixth century CE [ 20 , 21 ], whereas the autochthonous hypothesis posits that Slavs inhabited the region between the Oder and Vistula Rivers long before the Migration Period, traditionally dated to between 375 CE (invasion of Europe by the Huns) and 568 (conquest of Italy by the Longobards) [ 22 – 24 ].…”

Early Slavs’ Production and Subsistence Activities Case Study ‒ The Area of the Upper Tisza River Basin (Ca. Second Half of the 6th Century ‒ First Half of the 7th Century Ad)

“…118SZMONIEWSKI 2005a;SZMONIEWSKI 2005b;CIUPERCĂ/ MĂGUREANU 2009; TEODOR 2005. 119 An up-to-date record of the discoveries from the Romanian territory and in general from the Middle Danube area (stone or clay molds, tools and workshops) in TĂNASE 2020, 20-106.120 For instance: TEODOR 2005; CIUPERCĂ/MĂGUREANU 2009, 153, 157 Fig.…”