Piezoelectric-piezocapacitive hybrid sensor based on electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Poly(octafluoropentyl acrylate)-sulphonated Poly(phenylene sulfide) blend nanofiber

Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride–Magnesiochromite Nanofiber-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting Applications

“…This harvested energy is utilized to run small electronic devices. − Many researchers put their efforts into fabricating nanogenerators based on several inorganic materials such as ZnO, GaN, CdS, and ZnS, PMN-PT, ZnSnO 3 , BaTiO 3 , PZT, and KNN . Despite their excellent performance, brittleness, density, high fabrication cost, and toxic components (Pb) involved in the fabrication of such inorganic materials restrict their usage in wearable devices and physiological monitoring . Besides, high-temperature processing in synthesis needs to be controlled precisely to get nanomaterials with desired properties.…”

“…Compared with inorganic materials, PENGs made from electroactive polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and P­(VDF-TrFE), offer superior flexibility and biocompatibility, as well as being relatively inexpensive, which makes them the most appropriate material for energy generation. ,, PVDF is a thermoplastic polymer that possesses five distinct crystalline phases, including the nonpolar α-(TGTG′) conformation, semi-polar γ-(T3GT3G) conformation, and polar β-(TTTT) conformation. , Among them, the ferro- and piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF are facets of the electroactive polar and semi-polar phases, which exhibit C–F dipole orientations within the crystalline domain. , In general, PVDF exists in the form of a nonpolar phase, which makes it undesirable to use in ferro- and piezoelectric applications. Many researchers reported that the induction of the polar phase in PVDF could be achieved via uniaxial or biaxial stretching, high electrical field poling, and controlled spin-coating. , In addition to being inefficient, cost-intensive, and time-consuming, these processes deform the PVDF film and render it unsuitable for device fabrication. , In this concern, the electrospinning process is highly regarded as an ideal technique for its supreme α- to β-phase transformation in PVDF.…”

“…21 Despite their excellent performance, brittleness, density, high fabrication cost, and toxic components (Pb) involved in the fabrication of such inorganic materials restrict their usage in wearable devices and physiological monitoring. 22 Besides, high-temperature processing in synthesis needs to be controlled precisely to get nanomaterials with desired properties. Thus, nanogenerators made of inorganic nanomaterials are challenging to fabricate and use in harsh environments.…”

“…23 Compared with inorganic materials, PENGs made from electroactive polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and P(VDF-TrFE), offer superior flexibility and biocompatibility, as well as being relatively inexpensive, which makes them the most appropriate material for energy generation. 22,24,25 PVDF is a thermoplastic polymer that possesses five distinct crystalline phases, including the nonpolar α-(TGTG′) conformation, semi-polar γ-(T3GT3G) conformation, and polar β-(TTTT) conformation. 22,26 Among them, the ferro-and piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF are facets of the electroactive polar and semi-polar phases, which exhibit C−F dipole orientations within the crystalline domain.…”

“…22,24,25 PVDF is a thermoplastic polymer that possesses five distinct crystalline phases, including the nonpolar α-(TGTG′) conformation, semi-polar γ-(T3GT3G) conformation, and polar β-(TTTT) conformation. 22,26 Among them, the ferro-and piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF are facets of the electroactive polar and semi-polar phases, which exhibit C−F dipole orientations within the crystalline domain. 27,28 In general, PVDF exists in the form of a nonpolar phase, which makes it undesirable to use in ferro-and piezoelectric applications.…”