Piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity and dielectricity discovered in solder

Xi, Xiang; Chung, D.D.L.

doi:10.1007/s10854-019-00735-0

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Electret, piezoelectret, piezoelectric and piezoresistive effects have not been previously reported for any monolithic steel, which is to be distinguished from steel fiber polymermatrix or cement-matrix composites. Such effects have not been previously reported for any monolithic metal other than our 2019 report of piezoelectricity and piezoresisitivity in nickel [22], tin-lead solder [23] and aluminum [24]. Based on the results of this work in comparison with those of the other metals, the piezoelectric effect reported in these other metals is actually the piezoelectret effect.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 43%

“…In contrast, for aluminum [24], tin-lead [23] and carbon fiber [14], κ increases with increasing tensile stress. The opposite effects of tensile stress on κ for steels and these three other materials are probably related to the difference in electret behavior, as explained below.…”

Section: Effect Of Stress On the Capacitance And Permittivitymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In contrast, for aluminum [24] and carbon fiber [14], the tensile stress increases κ but decreases the resistivity. Also in contrast, for tin-lead solder [23], the tensile stress increases both κ and the resistivity. Tin-lead differs from the other materials in its eutectic structure, which gives a lot of phase boundaries.…”

Section: Piezoelectret Behaviormentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The methods of capacitance and permittivity measurement are essentially the same as those previously used by this research group for steels [12], aluminum [24], nickel [22] and tin-lead solder [23]. In the measurement, a dielectric film in the form of four layers of double-sided adhesive tape is positioned between the specimen and each electrode.…”

Section: Capacitance and Permittivity Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electret, piezoelectret and piezoresistivity discovered in steels, with application to structural self-sensing and structural self-powering

Chung

2019

Smart Mater. Struct.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electret, piezoelectret, piezoresistivity and stress-dependent electric permittivity are reported in unmodified steels. Structural stress/strain self-sensing based on piezoelectret/piezoresistivity is demonstrated under tension. Structural self-powering is shown by the electret's inherent electric field, (2.224×10 −5 ) V m −1 and (1.051×10 −5 ) V m −1 , and power density, 29.2 and 41.8 W m −3 , for low carbon steel and stainless steel, respectively, being enabled by the electret's electrical conductivity. The free-electron-movement-enabled electrets are supported by the asymmetry in the polarization-induced apparent resistance relative to the true resistance upon polarity reversal. The electric field increases linearly with the inter-electrode distance l. An l increase causes the amount of participating free electrons to increase and the fraction of free electrons that participate to decrease; when l is tripled, the amount is increased by a factor of 1.011 and 1.021 for low carbon steel and stainless steel, respectively, while the fraction of free electrons that participate is decreased by a corresponding factor of 0.337 and 0.340. The higher values for stainless steel are consistent with the higher relative permittivity (2 kHz), 1.23×10 6 and 2.89×10 6 for low carbon steel and stainless steel, respectively. The capacitance (2 kHz) and electric field (DC) of the piezoelectret decrease nonlinearly with increasing stress, due to electret weakening; the decrease is reversible at stress 210 MPa, but is irreversible at stress 340 MPa (elastic regime). This effect is stronger for low carbon steel than stainless steel. The piezoelectret coupling coefficient d 33 is −(6.6±0.1)×10 −7 and −(3.6±0.2)×10 −7 pC N −1 for low carbon steel and stainless steel, respectively. The relative permittivity (2 kHz) decreases nonlinearly by 14% with stress 340 MPa. The piezoresistivity involves the DC resistivity decreasing nonlinearly and reversibly by 10% with stress 340 MPa; the gage factor is −1030 and −800 for low carbon steel and stainless steel, respectively. The reversibility upon unloading is superior for piezoresistivity than piezoelectret.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 43%

Section: Effect Of Stress On the Capacitance And Permittivitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Piezoelectret Behaviormentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Capacitance and Permittivity Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electret, piezoelectret and piezoresistivity discovered in steels, with application to structural self-sensing and structural self-powering

Chung

2019

Smart Mater. Struct.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A small fraction of the carriers such as electrons interact with the atoms in the metal or carbon, thereby causing polarization and hence substantial permittivity. This has been shown by this research group recently for a variety of metals (aluminum, steels, nickel and tin-lead solder) [11][12][13][14] and carbons (carbon fibers, isotropic graphite, exfoliated-graphitebased flexible graphite, carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite and carbon-carbon composite) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Furthermore, the ability of the carriers in a metal or carbon in a continuous form to move by a long distance promotes the permittivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Absorption-dominant radio-wave attenuation loss of metals and graphite

Guan

Chung

2021

J Mater Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Absorption-dominant radio-wave (0.2-2.0 GHz) attenuation loss is comparatively reported for materials of high electrical conductivity, namely metals (aluminum and steel) and graphite. These materials exhibit similarly high absorption loss (B 91.5%) and similarly low reflection loss (C 8.5%), both as fractions of the total loss in dB. The absorption loss is high (\ 55 dB) and the reflection loss is low (\ 10 dB) for both graphite and the metals. The absorptiondominant attenuation loss of these high-conductivity materials is in contrast to the notion that high conductivity (due to the high impedance mismatch with air) generally causes reflection-dominant attenuation loss. The metals and graphite are in foil form, with the graphite being thicker than the metals. The linear absorption coefficient (directly related to the absorption loss per unit thickness) is lower for graphite (B 93 mm -1 ) than the metals (B 394 mm -1 ), due to the greater thickness of the graphite. The absorption loss and fractional absorption loss contribution increase with increasing frequency, whereas the reflection loss decreases, as consistent with electromagnetic theory. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of the fractional loss in power, reflection dominates over absorption for all three materials in the entire frequency range. For shielding, the metals are more effective than graphite if the absorption loss per unit thickness (\ 3400 dB/mm) is considered. For stealth, graphite is advantageous to the metals in the low reflection loss, though it is disadvantageous in the low absorption loss per unit thickness.

show abstract

Effect of temperature on the electrical conduction and dielectric behavior of solder

Yang

Chung

2021

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity and dielectricity discovered in solder

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Electret, piezoelectret and piezoresistivity discovered in steels, with application to structural self-sensing and structural self-powering

Electret, piezoelectret and piezoresistivity discovered in steels, with application to structural self-sensing and structural self-powering

Absorption-dominant radio-wave attenuation loss of metals and graphite

Effect of temperature on the electrical conduction and dielectric behavior of solder

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About