Piezonuclear Fission Reactions in Rocks: Evidences from Microchemical Analysis, Neutron Emission, and Geological Transformation

Abstract

Neutron emission measurements, by means of He 3 devices and bubble detectors, were performed during three different kinds of compression tests on brittle rocks: (1) under monotonic displacement control, (2) under cyclic loading, and (3) by ultrasonic vibration. The material used for the tests was Luserna Stone. Since the analyzed material contains iron, our conjecture is that piezonuclear reactions involving fission of iron into aluminum, or into magnesium and silicon, should have occurred during compression damage and failure. This hypothesis is confirmed by the direct evidence of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy tests conducted on Luserna Stone specimens. It is also interesting to emphasize that the anomalous chemical balances of the major events that have affected the geomechanical and geochemical evolution of the Earth's crust should be considered as an indirect evidence of the piezonuclear fission reactions considered above.

Reply to “Comments on ‘Geomechanical and Geochemical Evidence of Piezonuclear Fission Reactions in the Earth's Crust’ by A. Carpinteri and A. Manuello” by U. Bardi and G. Comoretto

“…The arguments put forward by the authors of the comments and used to refuse the hypotheses proposed in the original work of Carpinteri and Manuello ignore the assumptions declared by Carpinteri and co‐workers and the theoretical explanation to anomalous neutron emissions from rock fracture recently proposed by Widom et al . [].…”

“…For this reason, they conclude that such reactions cannot be responsible for the compositional variations reported in the article. They seem to deliberately ignore the fact that in the article they comment on, as well as in all other works published by Carpinteri and coauthors about the argument, these fission reactions, referred to as piezonuclear, are acknowledged to be anomalous nuclear phenomena .…”

“…Only very recently, independent authors provided a theoretical explanation for the experimental evidence that fracturing piezoelectric rocks produces neutrons . As reported in all papers published by Carpinteri and co‐workers on this argument, anomalous neutron emissions represent the first evidence of the piezonuclear reactions taking place in nonradioactive or inert rocks during fracture . Furthermore, whether these reactions should be regarded as exoenergetic or endoenergetic is still an open question.…”

Correlation between the Fluctuations in Worldwide Seismicity and in Atmospheric Carbon Pollution

“…Furthermore, significant neutron emissions have been measured, both at the Earth's crust scale, during earthquake preparation stages ( Figure 3) [32][33][34][35], and at the laboratory scale, during crushing tests on non-radioactive rock specimens. In the laboratory experiments, neutron and other forms of energy emissions were measured in correspondence to micro-and macro-fracturing [36][37][38][39][40], with the final considerable reduction in the Fe content consistently counterbalanced by an increase in the content of Al, Si and Mg [27][28][29]. Further evidence supporting the link between seismicity and variations in the atmospheric CO2 is the spatial organization of the CO2 release from the ground in the Himalayas, Nepal, which were apparently controlled by large earthquakes [41].…”

“…The chemical balances underlying the geochemical evolution of the Earth's crust, ocean, and atmosphere can be considered as indirect evidences of recently hypothesized low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) [27][28][29][30][31], occurring massively in the Earth's crust during periods of intense tectonic activity, and hierarchically organized into two different sets:…”