“…It is well established that a synergy of benefits can occur and that the host plant can gain more from tripartite interactions than from single inoculations with either symbiont (Afkhami & Stinchcombe, 2016;Antunes, de Varennes, Zhang, & Goss, 2006;Bournaud et al, 2017;Meng et al, 2015;Yasmeen, Hameed, Tariq, & Ali, 2012). The N-fixing capability of rhizobia is often limited by the P availability, and AM fungi can stimulate root nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and BNF through their positive effect on plant P nutrition (Ding et al, 2012;Owino-Gerroh, Gascho, & Phatak, 2005;Püschel et al, 2017;Vesterager, Nielsen, & Hogh-Jensen, 2006). Plants can simultaneously benefit from N that is provided by both root symbionts, and nodulated legumes colonized by AM fungi with access to an external NH 4 + source became less reliant on BNF (Mortimer, Perez-Fernandez, & Valentine, 2012).…”