Piglets Are a Source of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on Fattening-Pig Farms

Virtanen, Sonja; Salonen, Laura; Laukkanen‐Ninios, Riikka; Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Maria; Korkeala, Hannu

doi:10.1128/aem.07805-11

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, von Altrock et al (2006) analyzed blood and feces from 900 pigs in 30 fattening-pig herds shortly before slaughter and no correlation was found between serological and culture results. Pigs can carry the pathogen in tonsils for several months, whereas fecal excretion declines more rapidly (Nielsen et al, 1996;Virtanen et al, 2012). However, the time period after experimental infection in which Yersinia are detectable in the feces is influenced by the isolation method used, and possibly results from a decline in numbers over time (Nielsen et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation Between Serology of Meat Juice and Bacteriology of Tonsils and Feces for the Detection of EnteropathogenicYersiniaspp. in Pigs at Slaughter

Damme

Vanantwerpen

Berkvens

et al. 2014

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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The association between positive serology and culture detection of Yersinia spp. in individual pigs was determined. Pieces of diaphragm from 370 pig carcasses were collected for serological analysis, and tonsils and feces of the same carcass were collected for bacteriological analysis. Detection of anti-Yersinia antibodies in meat juice samples was done using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on Yops (Yersinia outer proteins). Tonsils and feces were tested for the presence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. by direct plating on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar plates. Of the 370 meat juice samples, 241 (65.1%) gave a positive serological reaction using a cutoff value of 20%. Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. (Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) were found in tonsils of 161 pigs and feces of 30 pigs. Recovery of enteropathogenic Yersinia from the tonsils was highly correlated with positive serotiters, whereas no correlation was found between serology and fecal excretion. Results demonstrated that serology has an acceptable sensitivity, but a relatively low specificity for the rapid detection of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in tonsils of pigs at slaughter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation Between Serology of Meat Juice and Bacteriology of Tonsils and Feces for the Detection of EnteropathogenicYersiniaspp. in Pigs at Slaughter

Damme

Vanantwerpen

Berkvens

et al. 2014

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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“…However, some strains that originated from human clinical samples were isolated before the corresponding MLVA types were obtained from porcine samples. As certain Y. enterocolitica strains seem to persist on pig farms (29), the common MLVA types found among pigs and humans likely existed on the farms before the isolation from human clinical samples included in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some MLVA types were found on several farms. Y. enterocolitica strains can be transmitted from one farm to another with infected pigs (29). After pigs from different origins are mixed at the farms, different MLVA types are incorporated and spread rapidly in the pig population within each unit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations were evident in strains isolated from pigs originating from the same farms. Since the same strains are assumed to persist on farms (29), it is unsurprising that mutations occur in these strains over time and lead to variations in VNTRs. The generated variations in one or more VNTRs might cause the MLVA results for identical clones to appear different (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis in Genotyping Yersinia enterocolitica Strains from Human and Porcine Origins

et al. 2013

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c Sporadic and epidemiologically linked Yersinia enterocolitica strains (n ‫؍‬ 379) isolated from fecal samples from human patients, tonsil or fecal samples from pigs collected at slaughterhouses, and pork samples collected at meat stores were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) with six loci, i.e., V2A, V4, V5, V6, V7, and V9. In total, 312 different MLVA types were found. Similar types were detected (i) in fecal samples collected from human patients over 2 to 3 consecutive years, (ii) in samples from humans and pigs, and (iii) in samples from pigs that originated from the same farms. Among porcine strains, we found farm-specific MLVA profiles. Variations in the numbers of tandem repeats from one to four for variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci V2A, V5, V6, and V7 were observed within a farm. MLVA was applicable for serotypes O:3, O:5,27, and O:9 and appeared to be a highly discriminating tool for distinguishing sporadic and outbreak-related strains. With long-term use, interpretation of the results became more challenging due to variations in more-discriminating loci, as was observed for strains originating from pig farms. Additionally, we encountered unexpectedly short V2A VNTR fragments and sequenced them. According to the sequencing results, updated guidelines for interpreting V2A VNTR results were prepared.

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“…Serological analysis could be used as an alternative method for monitoring of yersiniosis in animal reservoirs and for the estimation of the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in livestock at herd level, since it is not as expensive and time-consuming as traditional culture methods (Von Altrock et al 2011;Virtanen et al 2012). However, serological diagnosis is not equivalent to classical microbiological detection of the organism, as the serological response is delayed with respect to the time of infection.…”

Section: Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.

Fredriksson-Ahomaa

2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis can cause enteric yersiniosis among humans and animals. The infection is typically acquired through contaminated food but it can also be transmitted directly through human or animal contact. Common symptoms are diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever but sometimes sequelae as joint pain and skin rash occur. The severity of the infection depends on the age and immunity of the infected person, the virulence of the strain and the infection dose. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis differ clearly from each other both pheno-and genotypically. Y. enterocolitica species consists of a very heterogeneous group of bacteria and not all Y. enterocolitica strains are pathogenic. Y. pseudotuberculosis strains show little variation in biochemical reactions and they are all considered to be pathogenic. Both plasmid and chromosomal encoded virulence factors are needed for Yersinia pathogenicity and all pathogenic strains carry a virulence plasmid which essential for the bacteria to multiply and disseminate in the host. Yersinia strains can grow at low temperatures and under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions but they are heat sensitive. The isolation and identification of enteropathogenic Yersinia is difficult and time consuming, especially when food and environmental samples are studied. More accurate methods should be designed for isolation and identification of Yersinia spp. and more information is needed about transmission routes and sources of enteropathogenic Yersinia strains.

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Piglets Are a Source of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on Fattening-Pig Farms

Cited by 33 publications

References 30 publications

Relation Between Serology of Meat Juice and Bacteriology of Tonsils and Feces for the Detection of EnteropathogenicYersiniaspp. in Pigs at Slaughter

Relation Between Serology of Meat Juice and Bacteriology of Tonsils and Feces for the Detection of EnteropathogenicYersiniaspp. in Pigs at Slaughter

Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis in Genotyping Yersinia enterocolitica Strains from Human and Porcine Origins

Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.

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