Pigmented Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Coats Accumulate Proanthocyanidins during Development

Todd, Joselyn J.; Vodkin, Lila O.

doi:10.1104/pp.102.2.663

Cited by 151 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…TBO-and DMACA-stainings of seed sections showed that polyphenolic compounds and more particularly PAs accumulated in several cell layers within the chalaza region. A very similar situation was reported for turnip rape and soybean seeds, in which one gene controlled pigment deposition in the hilum region specifically (Schwetka 1982;Todd and Vodkin 1993). In Arabidopsis, several of the tt mutant seeds with pale brown to yellow seed bodies also exhibited a dark hilum Nesi et al 2002), but regulators involved in pigment accumulation specifically in this area remain to be identified in the model plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN gene is active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the Brassica napus seed coat

et al. 2009

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As part of an ongoing research program dedicated to the understanding of proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation in Brassica napus seed coat, transgenic rapeseed plants carrying a 2.3-kb fragment of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN promoter (ProAtBAN) fused to the uidA reporter gene (GUS) were generated. Analysis of these plants revealed that ProAtBAN was activated in B. napus seed coat, following a spatio-temporal pattern that was very similar to the PA deposition profile in rapeseed and also to the one previously described in Arabidopsis. ProAtBAN activity occurred as soon as the early stages of embryogenesis and was restricted to the cells where PAs were shown to accumulate. Therefore, the Arabidopsis BAN promoter can be used to trigger gene expression in B. napus seed coat for both genetic engineering and functional validation of candidate genes. In addition, these data strongly suggest that the transcriptional regulatory network of the BAN gene is conserved between Arabidopsis and rapeseed. This is consistent with the fact that similarity searches of the public rapeseed sequence databases allowed recovering the rapeseed homologs for several BAN regulators, namely TT1, TT2, TT8, TT16 and TTG1, which have been previously described in Arabidopsis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN gene is active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the Brassica napus seed coat

et al. 2009

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“…Visibly, flavonoid metabolism in the chalazal area of the endothelium differs from that prevailing in the seed body, which also is suggested by the observation that body and chalaza pigmentations of other tt mutant and double mutant seeds seem to be under different genetic controls. This is related to what is observed in soybean (Todd and Vodkin, 1993) and Brassica campestris (Schwetka, 1982) seeds, in which one gene was found to determine hilum color specifically. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The TRANSPARENT TESTA12 Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Multidrug Secondary Transporter-like Protein Required for Flavonoid Sequestration in Vacuoles of the Seed Coat Endothelium

et al. 2001

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Phenolic compounds that are present in the testa interfere with the physiology of seed dormancy and germination. We isolated a recessive Arabidopsis mutant with pale brown seeds, transparent testa12 ( tt12 ), from a reduced seed dormancy screen. Microscopic analysis of tt12 developing and mature testas revealed a strong reduction of proanthocyanidin deposition in vacuoles of endothelial cells. Double mutants with tt12 and other testa pigmentation mutants were constructed, and their phenotypes confirmed that tt12 was affected at the level of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The TT12 gene was cloned and found to encode a protein with similarity to prokaryotic and eukaryotic secondary transporters with 12 transmembrane segments, belonging to the MATE (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) family. TT12 is expressed specifically in ovules and developing seeds. In situ hybridization localized its transcript in the endothelium layer, as expected from the effect of the tt12 mutation on testa flavonoid pigmentation. The phenotype of the mutant and the nature of the gene suggest that TT12 may control the vacuolar sequestration of flavonoids in the seed coat endothelium. INTRODUCTIONFlavonoids represent a highly diverse group of plant aromatic secondary metabolites. The major forms, which are anthocyanins (red to purple pigments), flavonols (colorless to pale yellow pigments), and proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins (colorless pigments that brown with oxidation), are present in proportions and amounts that vary according to the plant species, the organ, the stage of development, and environmental growth conditions. Arabidopsis contains flavonoid pigments in vegetative tissues and in seeds (Shirley et al., 1995). In the mature testa, flavonoids were detected in both the endothelium and the three crushed parenchymal layers just above the endothelium . PAs have been shown to accumulate exclusively in the endothelium layer (Devic et al., 1999). Wild-type seed color depends on the stage of development: as long as the testa is transparent, until ‫ف‬ 10 days after pollination, the seed has the color of the underlying endosperm and embryo. At maturity, the testa becomes opaque after the oxidation of flavonoid pigments, which gives the seed its characteristic brown color. Therefore, the color of mutants with seed flavonoid defects ranges from pale yellow (complete lack of visible pigments in the testa) to pale brown, depending on the accumulated intermediate flavonoids .In Arabidopsis, mutants at 21 loci have been isolated on the basis of altered testa pigmentation (Figure 1). The genes disrupted in the transparent testa ( tt ) mutants tt3 , tt4 , tt5 , tt6 , and tt7 (Shirley et al., 1995) and the banyuls ( ban ) mutant (Albert et al., 1997) code for the enzymes dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (Shirley et al., 1992), chalcone synthase (Feinbaum and Ausubel, 1988), chalcone isomerase (Shirley et al., 1992), flavonol 3-hydroxylase (Pelletier and Shirley, 1996; Wisman et al., 1998), flavonol 3 Ј -hydroxylase (Ko...

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“…Among the different soybean varieties, black soybeans contain both anthocyanins and procyanidins, brown soybeans accumulate only procyanidins, and the majorly cultivated yellow soybeans do not have any pigment. In the report 4 , procyanidins and anthocyanidins obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycoside bonds in the immature seed coats of black, brown, and yellow soybeans were analyzed by thin layer chromatography TLC analysis and procyanidin tests such as the vanillin assay. The seed coat color of soybeans is controlled by 3 independent loci I, R, and T 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis of the seed coats of immature soybeans has also been performed to investigate the genotypes and phenotypes of seed coat colors in soybeans 4,7 . Among the different soybean varieties, black soybeans contain both anthocyanins and procyanidins, brown soybeans accumulate only procyanidins, and the majorly cultivated yellow soybeans do not have any pigment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of a Reduced Form of Cyanidin 3-O-^|^beta;-D-Glucoside from Immature Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and Its Reducing Properties

2013

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Pigmented Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Coats Accumulate Proanthocyanidins during Development

Cited by 151 publications

References 11 publications

The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN gene is active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the Brassica napus seed coat

The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN gene is active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the Brassica napus seed coat

The TRANSPARENT TESTA12 Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Multidrug Secondary Transporter-like Protein Required for Flavonoid Sequestration in Vacuoles of the Seed Coat Endothelium

Isolation of a Reduced Form of Cyanidin 3-O-^|^beta;-D-Glucoside from Immature Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and Its Reducing Properties

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