Pigs' Gastrointestinal Microflora Provide Them with Essential Amino Acids

Torrallardona, D.; Harris, C. I.; Fuller, M. F.

doi:10.1093/jn/133.4.1127

Cited by 113 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3). The gut flora in nonruminant mammals and indeed humans can also be a significant source of microbially derived amino acids (Metges 2000, Torrallardona et al 2003. These factors, along with the observed efficient recycling of N by many animals, lend support to the idea that limitation by EAAs can be nullified to the extent that availability of bulk N is more important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Stoichiometry: Linking Elements to Biochemicals

Anderson

Boersma

Raubenheimer

2004

Ecology

141

127

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Abstract. Ecological stoichiometry is a useful tool for studying how the elemental composition of organisms and their food affects production, nutrient cycling, and foodweb dynamics. Two analyses are presented here that show that the use of simple element ratios in stoichiometric calculations may in certain circumstances prove inadequate because of the influence in animal nutrition of biochemical aspects of diet. In the first, a stoichiometric analysis of herbivores consuming food with varying carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios is undertaken, in which the intake of C is segregated into easily assimilated compounds and fiber. Two herbivore strategies emerge from the analysis, both as a means of minimizing limitation by C, not N: fiber eaters that consume high C:N food and have efficient fiber digestion, and selective feeders that consume low C:N food but that do not possess fiberdigesting enzymes. In the second example, the stoichiometric axiom that a single substrate, the one in least supply relative to demand, limits growth is used to identify potentially limiting essential amino acids in the diets of a range of animals. Large consumer-prey imbalances in amino acids were found in several cases, indicating that, at least in theory, growth should be strongly limited by individual amino acids rather than bulk N. In practice such limitation may be offset in consumers by physiological and other factors such as symbiotic relationships. The two analyses emphasize the simplicity of element stoichiometry, highlighting the need to consider biochemical and physiological arguments when undertaking stoichiometric studies of carbon and nutrient transfers in ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Stoichiometry: Linking Elements to Biochemicals

Anderson

Boersma

Raubenheimer

2004

Ecology

141

127

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“…Microbial composition may therefore reflect the host's unique carbohydrate composition of mucins, glycolipids, and glycoproteins and the coevolution of lectins and glycosidases that allow the bacteria to adhere to these substrates and to liberate sugar for metabolism (29,36,45,48). This demarcation within the gastrointestinal tract also reflects the different physiological functions within this organ system and coevolution of the microorganisms with their animal host, producing microbial processes that serve to promote a healthy gastrointestinal tract (25,42,55,56,61). It is therefore not surprising to find the same genera or species occupying the same niche in the gastrointestinal tract, regardless of animal host, especially when the physiological function is similar among animal species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Succession of the Intestinal Bacterial Community of the Maturing Broiler Chicken

Lu¹,

Idris²,

Harmon

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

684

600

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The diversity of bacterial floras in the ilea and ceca of chickens that were fed a vegetarian corn-soy broiler diet devoid of feed additives was examined by analysis of 1,230 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Nearly 70% of sequences from the ileum were related to those of Lactobacillus, with the majority of the rest being related to Clostridiaceae (11%), Streptococcus (6.5%), and Enterococcus (6.5%). In contrast, Clostridiaceae-related sequences (65%) were the most abundant group detected in the cecum, with the other most abundant sequences being related to Fusobacterium (14%), Lactobacillus (8%), and Bacteroides (5%). Statistical analysis comparing the compositions of the different 16S rRNA libraries revealed that population succession occurred during some sampling periods. The significant differences among cecal libraries at 3 and 7 days of age, at 14 to 28 days of age, and at 49 days of age indicated that successions occurred from a transient community to one of increasing complexity as the birds aged. Similarly, the ileum had a stable bacterial community structure for birds at 7 to 21 days of age and between 21 to 28 days of age, but there was a very unique community structure at 3 and 49 days of age. It was also revealed that the composition of the ileal and cecal libraries did not significantly differ when the birds were 3 days old, and in fact during the first 14 days of age, the cecal microflora was a subset of the ileal microflora. After this time, the ileum and cecum had significantly different library compositions, suggesting that each region developed its own unique bacterial community as the bird matured.

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“…Because mammals have no mechanism for the transamination of lysine, the labeling of body lysine from dietary [ 15 N]ammonium chloride has been taken as evidence for the absorption of essential amino acids synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora in both pigs (13) and human subjects (4). These findings were extended by showing the absorption in pigs of essential amino acids labeled with 14 C from oral […”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysine synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora of pigs is absorbed, mostly in the small intestine

Torrallardona¹,

Harris²,

Fuller³

2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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This study used a digesta transfer protocol to determine the site of absorption of lysine synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora of pigs. Eight pigs were used, four with reentrant cannulas in the terminal ileum, two with simple T cannulas in the terminal ileum, and two intact. All pigs were given, for 5 days, the same low-protein diet that included fermentable carbohydrates. The diet of two pigs with reentrant cannulas (donor) and of the two intact (control) pigs was supplemented with 15 NH4Cl. The two other pigs with reentrant cannulas (acceptor pigs) and those with simple cannulas (used to supply unlabeled digesta) were given the same diet but unlabeled NH4Cl. Ileal digesta were collected continuously from all of the reentrant cannulas and kept on ice. All digesta from each donor pig were reheated and returned to the distal cannula of its companion acceptor, whose ileal digesta were discarded. Unlabeled ileal digesta from the pigs with simple cannulas were instilled into the distal cannulas of the donor pigs. At the end of the experiment, the average 15 N enrichment in the plasma free lysine of control pigs was 0.0407 atom % excess (APE); that of donor pigs was 0.0322 APE (79% of controls), whereas that of acceptor pigs was only 0.0096 APE (24% of controls). Due to nitrogen recycling, acceptor pigs had labeled lysine in the digesta of the stomach and small intestine, and donor pigs had labeled lysine in the digesta of the large intestine. If account is taken of the higher 15

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Pigs' Gastrointestinal Microflora Provide Them with Essential Amino Acids

Cited by 113 publications

References 17 publications

Stoichiometry: Linking Elements to Biochemicals

Stoichiometry: Linking Elements to Biochemicals

Diversity and Succession of the Intestinal Bacterial Community of the Maturing Broiler Chicken

Lysine synthesized by the gastrointestinal microflora of pigs is absorbed, mostly in the small intestine

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