The P II proteins are found in all three domains of life as key integrators of signals reflecting the balance of nitrogen and carbon. Genetic inactivation of P II proteins is typically associated with severe growth defects or death. However, the molecular basis of these defects depends on the specific functions of the proteins with which P II proteins interact to regulate nitrogen metabolism in different organisms. In Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, where P II forms complexes with the NtcA coactivator PipX, attempts to engineer P II -deficient strains failed in a wild-type background but were successful in pipX null mutants. Consistent with the idea that P II is essential to counteract the activity of PipX, four different spontaneous mutations in the pipX gene were found in cultures in which glnB had been genetically inactivated.Cyanobacteria are phototrophic organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Autotrophic growth requires the constant assimilation of ammonium via the coordinated action of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase, also known as the GS-GOGAT cycle, resulting in consumption of 2-oxoglutarate (34). Due to the lack of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in cyanobacteria, synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate represents the final step in the oxidative branch of the trichloroacetic acid cycle and directly links 2-oxoglutarate levels to nitrogen assimilation (35). Thus, 2-oxoglutarate accumulates during nitrogen starvation, making this metabolite an excellent indicator of the intracellular carbon-nitrogen balance (12,25).In cyanobacteria, multiple metabolic and developmental processes are induced by nitrogen starvation. NtcA, the global regulator for nitrogen control, activates genes involved in nitrogen assimilation, heterocyst differentiation, and acclimation to nitrogen starvation (20,30,41). 2-Oxoglutarate, the signal of nitrogen deficiency, stimulates binding of NtcA to target sites (45), transcription activation in vitro (44), and complex formation between the global nitrogen regulator NtcA and its coactivator factor PipX, a regulatory protein conserved in cyanobacteria (5, 9). The interaction between PipX and NtcA is known to be relevant for maximal activation of NtcA-dependent genes under nitrogen limitation (9, 10). PipX-deficient cultures of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 showed reduced activity of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, retarded nitrogen induction, a slower rate of nitrate consumption, and when subjected to nitrogen starvation, retarded phycobilisome degradation and faster reduction of the chlorophyll content (10).The homotrimeric P II protein is one of the most conserved and widespread signal transduction proteins in nature and plays key roles in nitrogen assimilatory processes (28). P II proteins contain three binding sites (one per subunit) for 2-oxoglutarate and ATP, and their primary function is to regulate, by direct protein-protein interactions, the activity of proteins implicated in nitrogen metabolism (reviewed in reference 13). In cyanobacteria, several proteins are k...