“…Toe vertical bearing capacity As toe capacity is deeply related to the penetration mechanism of driven piles and penetration tests, understanding the toe capacity problem is important to understand the workability of pile installation and the evaluation of material properties by penetration tests. Evaluation methods for toe capacity are classiˆed into 1) Analogies of shallow foundations with overburden pressure (Hanna and Nguyen, 2002), 2) Estimations of plastic pressures based on the cavity expansion theory (e.g., Yasufuku et al, 2001), 3) Evaluations of changes in stresses and pore water pressures during penetration based on the strain path method, 4) Rigorous numerical analyses based on the mechanics of particles, such as the discrete element method (DEM), smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and the material point method (MPM). As far as soil plugging is concerned, Randolph et al (1991) proposed a one-dimensional analysis and Matsumoto and Takei (1991) reported their experiences in measuring at the access bridge to Kansai international airport.…”