Considerations of global or world cities and world city networks have long been analytical and empirical endeavours in urban studies (Taylor, 2004). This has been supplemented by discussions of comparative urbanism and planetary urbanization . There are however, other tracks of urban studies. For instance, Paul Wheatley (1921Wheatley ( -1999, 1 the first editor (1953)(1954)(1955)(1956)(1957)(1958) of the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography (then known as the Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography) in his final (posthumously published) and remarkable work, The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries, 2 epitomizes the longstanding interest in the idea of the 'Islamic city' and efforts to elicit the character of the urban fabric of the Islamic world (Abu-Lughod, 1987). Yet such rich and deeply historical literatures have been marginal to much of the recent debates about comparative urbanism and planetary urbanization, and in particular, the cities of the Hijaz (the western side of Saudi Arabia), seldom feature in the analytical and empirical fields of comparative and critical urban studies, heritage studies, planetary urbanization, and world cities scholarship (for notable exceptions