Pilot contamination attacks in massive MIMO systems

Vulnerabilities of Massive MIMO Systems to Pilot Contamination Attacks

“…3(a), we consider uniform power allocation for both the information signals at Alice and the jamming signals at the attacker. The figure depicts the downlink sum-rate vs. M. It shows that (10) and ( 13) are good approximations for the downlink rates in (7). Note that the approximation-based sum-rate is slightly higher than the exact values, as the inter-user interference does not perfectly vanish at a finite M. In our subsequent results, we set M to 1000.…”

“…As explained before, θ k is the large-scale channel components at Bob k . Equation (10) indicates that the SINR does not depend on the small-scale fading components, as they are averaged out by the large antenna array (channel hardening). The term (1/M) in the equation comes from the AWGN w (d) k at Bob k .…”

“…However, these systems are vulnerable to an active attacker that contaminates the uplink pilot transmissions. Therefore, we extend our work in [10] and analyze the secrecy performance of a massive MIMO system under a PC attack. Specifically, an attacker receives the information signals intended to users with a much higher signal power by using the PC attack.…”

AI based Pilot Contamination Analysis for 5G MIMO based on Multi Antenna Routing Networks and Multi-User Pilot Scheduling

“…𝐾 𝑙 = 𝑡 𝑙 MAX(0, 𝑁 + − 𝑈 𝑙 ) 2 + 𝜆(1 − 𝑡 𝑙 )MAX(0, 𝑢 𝑙 − 𝑛 − ) 2 (25) Consideration is made easier by the channel estimation process for closest P (=2) sub-lines, l0 and l0 + 1, notwithstanding the slight case extension employing P >2. Let's suppose without losing generality thateq.…”

“…One of the crucial technologies for the next 5G networks is MIMO.A cellular base station (BS) in a 5G network is expected to have a very wide antenna array, such as hundreds or more antennas, which will greatly increase the transmission rate compared to traditional MIMO systems.Huge MIMO has drawn a lot of attention from researchers recently despite the fact that MIMO is a wellresearched wireless communications paradigm. This is because massive MIMO needs novel solutions to address fresh design issues (see, for example, and the references therein).Pilot contamination (PC) is one of the key problems in huge MIMO systems [1].CSI between BS and different users must be frequently calculated using uplink pilot broadcasts due to the huge number of antennas at BS and relatively short channel coherence time.With assumption of channel reciprocity, the BS uses these CSI calculations for downlink data transmissions.However, users in adjacent cells might exchange pilots because there are so few orthogonal pilot sequences (for instance, 42 [2]). These pilots' interference results in inaccurate channel estimates at the BS, which negatively affects system performance.Massive MIMO, also known as large-scale MIMO, is superior to regular MIMO technology in terms of both architecture and total performance [3].One is that a significantly larger antenna array is used in Massive MIMO instead of the several antennas used in regular MIMO.Second, and this is a huge innovation as well as advancement for conventional MIMO method, Massive MIMO method uses a smaller hardware device with reduced power consumption to minimize complexity of hardware.Additionally, the Massive MIMO system substitutes the classic MIMO system's joint use of TDD as well as Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems with Time Division Duplexing (TDD) [4].Three things are the benefits of Massive MIMO.First, numerous users can be served simultaneously by the cellular network; second, the system's data transmission rate can be considerably increased; and third, spatial diversity and multiplexing are effectively used.In conclusion, large-scale MIMO method maximises all of the performance of conventional MIMO method in addition to inheriting it.However, the base communication station is unable to properly discriminate between distinct signals when using the same orthogonal pilot sequence in several locations [5].Physical layer (PHY) security has become the subject of research in recent years because it offers an alternative to traditional cryptographic algorithms at higher network layers.…”