Pilot fMRI investigation of representational plasticity associated with motor skill learning and its functional consequences

Plow, Ela B.; Carey, James R.

doi:10.1007/s11682-012-9158-3

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(149 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We employed joint-tracking involving flexion/extension to precisely follow moving target waveforms (Bhatt et al, 2007; Carey et al, 2002; Carey et al, 2006) because this task maximally elicits activation of higher cortical substrates besides M1 (Bhatt et al, 2007; Carey et al, 2002), more so than simple movements (Carey et al, 2006). Furthermore, training upon joint tracking initiates comparable mechanisms of plasticity of representations in M1 (Plow and Carey, 2012) as described with learning of skill in animal studies (Kleim et al, 1998; Nudo and Milliken, 1996; Plautz et al, 2000). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This discrete somatotopic representation allows for greater proprioceptive processing across different body parts (Hlustik et al, 2001). The cohesive structure in M1 is ascribed to its extensive horizontal connections spanning across adjacent within-limb representations (Donoghue et al, 1992; Huntley and Jones, 1991; Wu et al, 2000) and may explain its flexibility for change and exchange of motor skill in learning (Plow and Carey, 2012). Further, besides horizontal connections within M1, another substrate for integrative control of within-limb joints has recently been revealed with retrograde viral transneuronal transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence of organization within M1, thus, suggests a balance between discrete and distributed structure, an organization that is now termed functional somatotopy. We have previously discussed (Plow et al, 2010; Plow and Carey, 2012), along with others (Beisteiner et al, 2001; Hlustik and Mayer, 2006; Kleinschmidt et al, 1997; Molina-Luna et al, 2008; Nudo and Milliken, 1996; Pascual-Leone et al, 1996), that such a structure may afford flexibility to M1, where sharing of cortical substrates may create opportunities for coordinated movements involving within-limb joints (such as index finger and elbow in reaching to grasp), while disparate centers may allow discrete control for individuated movements at the respective joints. It remains unclear, however, whether other cortices that participate in movements, such as higher motor areas, primary sensory and associative areas demonstrate similar somatotopic structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Functional somatotopy revealed across multiple cortical regions using a model of complex motor task

Cunningham¹,

Machado²,

Yue³

et al. 2013

Brain Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The primary motor cortex (M1) possesses a functional somatotopic structure -representations of adjacent within-limb joints overlap to facilitate coordination while maintaining discrete centers for individuated movement. We examined whether similar organization exists across other sensorimotor cortices. Twenty-four right-handed healthy subjects underwent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while tracking complex targets with flexion/extension at right finger, elbow and ankle separately. Activation related to each joint at false discovery rate of .005 served as its representation across multiple regions. Within each region, we identified the Center of Mass (COM) for each representation, and overlap between representations of within-limb (finger and elbow) and between-limb joints (finger and ankle). Somatosensory (S1) and premotor cortices (PMC) demonstrated greater distinction of COM and minimal overlap for within- and between-limb representations. Contrarily, M1 and supplementary motor area (SMA) showed more integrative somatotopy with higher sharing for within-limb representations. Superior and inferior parietal lobule (SPL and IPL) possessed both types of structure. Some clusters exhibited extensive overlap of within- and between-limb representations, while others showed discrete COMs for within-limb representations. Our results help infer hierarchy in motor control. Areas as S1 may be associated with individuated movements, while M1 may be more integrative for coordinated motion; parietal associative regions may allow switch between both modes of control. Such hierarchy creates redundant opportunities to exploit in stroke rehabilitation. Use of complex rather than traditionally used simple movements was integral to illustrating comprehensive somatotopic structure; complex tasks can potentially help understand cortical representation of skill and learning-related plasticity.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functional somatotopy revealed across multiple cortical regions using a model of complex motor task

Cunningham¹,

Machado²,

Yue³

et al. 2013

Brain Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The role of specific patterns of plasticity in spinal cord circuits following cross-education remains debated, with only two studies showing no change in Hreflexes (Lagerquist et al 2006;Fimland et al 2009) and only one study reporting increased V-wave amplitude (Fimland et al 2009). On the other hand, both acute and chronic skilled motor tasks consistently increase CSE showing the important role of the M1 in skilled movements, whereas unskilled or self-paced movements may require other regions of the cortex to be involved, such as the supplementary motor area and the pre-motor area (Gerloff et al 1998b;Thaut et al 2002;Ackerley et al 2011;Plow and Carey 2012). Alternatively, the lack of cortical-mediated plasticity following NPST could simply be due to the training task itself.…”

Section: The Cortical Adaptations To Cross-education Are Dependent Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ipsilateral corticospinal responses to cross-education are dependent upon the motor-training intervention

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aimed to identify the ipsilateral corticospinal responses of the contralateral limb following different types of unilateral motor-training. Three groups performing unilateral slow-paced strength training (SPST), non-paced strength training (NPST) or visuomotor skill training (VT) were compared to a control group. It was hypothesised that 4 weeks of unilateral SPST and VT, but not NPST, would increase ipsilateral corticospinal excitability (CSE) and reduce short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), resulting in greater performance gains of the untrained limb. Tracking error of the untrained limb reduced by 29 and 41% following 2 and 4 weeks of VT. Strength of the untrained limb increased by 8 and 16% following 2 and 4 weeks of SPST and by 6 and 13% following NPST. There was no difference in cross-education of strength or tracking error. For the trained limb, SPST and NPST increased strength (28 and 26%), and VT improved by 47 and 58%. SPST and VT increased ipsilateral CSE by 89 and 71% at 2 weeks. Ipsilateral CSE increased 105 and 81% at 4 weeks following SPST and VT. The NPST group and control group showed no changes at 2 and 4 weeks. SPST and VT reduced ipsilateral SICI by 45 and 47% at 2 weeks; at 4 weeks, SPST and VT reduced SICI by 48 and 38%. The ipsilateral corticospinal responses are determined by the type of motor-training. There were no differences in motor performance between SPST, NPST and VT. The data suggests that the corticospinal responses to cross-education are different and determined by the type of motor-training.

show abstract

“…Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the face or hand representations leads to an inhibition activity of the adjacent arm representation during transient ischemic nerve block in healthy subjects [ 11 ]. Additionally, a number of studies have shown that plasticity occurs between different representations in motor cortex in cases of peripheral nerve lesion [ 12 , 13 ], brain injury [ 14 ], motor practice [ 15 ], and motor learning [ 16 ]. More importantly, modulation of the plasticity between different representations has been proposed to play a key role in functional recovery in animals with lesions [ 17 , 18 ] and in patients with neurological disorders [ 19 – 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture-Induced Plasticity between Different Representations in Human Motor Cortex

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Somatosensory stimulation can effectively induce plasticity in the motor cortex representation of the stimulated body part. Specific interactions have been reported between different representations within the primary motor cortex. However, studies evaluating somatosensory stimulation-induced plasticity between different representations within the primary motor cortex are sparse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatosensory stimulation on the modulation of plasticity between different representations within the primary motor cortex. Twelve healthy volunteers received both electroacupuncture (EA) and sham EA at the TE5 acupoint (located on the forearm). Plasticity changes in different representations, including the map volume, map area, and centre of gravity (COG) were evaluated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after the intervention. EA significantly increased the map volume of the forearm and hand representations compared to those of sham EA and significantly reduced the map volume of the face representation compared to that before EA. No significant change was found in the map volume of the upper arm and leg representations after EA, and likewise, no significant changes in map area and COG were observed. These results suggest that EA functions as a form of somatosensory stimulation to effectively induce plasticity between different representations within the primary motor cortex, which may be related to the extensive horizontal intrinsic connectivity between different representations. The cortical plasticity induced by somatosensory stimulation might be purposefully used to modulate human cortical function.

show abstract

Pilot fMRI investigation of representational plasticity associated with motor skill learning and its functional consequences

Cited by 7 publications

References 89 publications

Functional somatotopy revealed across multiple cortical regions using a model of complex motor task

Functional somatotopy revealed across multiple cortical regions using a model of complex motor task

The ipsilateral corticospinal responses to cross-education are dependent upon the motor-training intervention

Electroacupuncture-Induced Plasticity between Different Representations in Human Motor Cortex

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About