Pilot study of dermal and subcutaneous fat structures by MRI in individuals who differ in gender, BMI, and cellulite grading

Mirrashed, Fakhereh; Sharp, Jonathan C.; Krause, Vanessa; Morgan, Jeffery M.; Tomanek, Bogusław

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2004.00072.x

Cited by 147 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the lower part of the hypodermis, fat lobules are flatter and septa run tangential to the fascia. It is of note that the size and shape of fat lobules is also dependent on gender and BMI (11). A similar structure has been reported for the abdomen, another commonly used SC administration site (12).…”

Section: The Subcutaneous Spacesupporting

confidence: 65%

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Mechanistic Determinants of Biotherapeutics Absorption Following SC Administration

Richter

Bhansali

Morris

2012

AAPS J

288

280

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Abstract. The subcutaneous (SC) route is of growing interest for the administration of biotherapeutics. Key products on the biotherapeutic market such as insulins, but also several immunoglobulins or Fcfusion proteins, are administered SC. Despite the importance of the SC route, the available knowledge about the processes involved in the SC absorption of biotherapeutics is limited. This review summarizes available information on the physiology of the SC tissue and on the pharmacokinetic processes after SC administration including "first pass catabolism" at the administration site as well as transport in the extracellular matrix of the SC tissue, followed by absorption into the blood circulation or the lymphatic system. Both monoclonal antibodies and other biotherapeutics are discussed. Determinants of absorption after SC administration are summarized including compound properties such as charge or molecular weight. Scale-up of animal data to humans is discussed, including the current shortcomings of empirical scaling approaches and the lack of suitable mechanistic approaches.

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Section: The Subcutaneous Spacesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…The adipose tissue is not homogeneous. Rather, it is separated into lobules by a fibrovascular network of connective tissue septa, which link the dermis to the deep fascia (11). The size and appearance of the fat lobules are not homogenous within the hypodermis.…”

Section: The Subcutaneous Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Determinants of Biotherapeutics Absorption Following SC Administration

Richter

Bhansali

Morris

2012

AAPS J

288

280

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This can be explained by the increased calcaneal fat pad characteristic in people with high BMI (Mirrashed, Sharp, Krause, Morgan, & Tomanek, 2004), which might have promoted a delay in shifting the forces from the rearfoot to the midfoot. In the current study, no statistically significant differences in the duration of the stance phase and gait speed between groups while walking at their preferred speed were found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Shoe Plantar Pressures and Ground Reaction Forces During Overweight Adults' Overground Walking

Castro

Abreu

Sousa

et al. 2014

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Purpose: Because walking is highly recommended for prevention and treatment of obesity and some of its biomechanical aspects are not clearly understood for overweight people, we compared the absolute and normalized ground reaction forces (GRF), plantar pressures, and temporal parameters of normal-weight and overweight participants during overground walking. Method: A force plate and an in-shoe pressure system were used to record GRF, plantar pressures (foot divided in 10 regions), and temporal parameters of 17 overweight adults and 17 gender-matched normal-weight adults while walking. Results: With high effect sizes, the overweight participants showed higher absolute medial-lateral and vertical GRF and pressure peaks in the central rearfoot, lateral midfoot, and lateral and central forefoot. However, analyzing normalized (scaled to body weight) data, the overweight participants showed lower vertical and anterior-posterior GRF and lower pressure peaks in the medial rearfoot and hallux, but the lateral forefoot peaks continued to be greater compared with normal-weight participants. Time of occurrence of medial-lateral GRF and pressure peaks in the midfoot occurred later in overweight individuals. Conclusions: The overweight participants adapted their gait pattern to minimize the consequences of the higher vertical and propulsive GRF in their musculoskeletal system. However, they were not able to improve their balance as indicated by medial-lateral GRF. The overweight participants showed higher absolute pressure peaks in 4 out of 10 foot regions. Furthermore, the normalized data suggest that the lateral forefoot in overweight adults was loaded more than the proportion of their extra weight, while the hallux and medial rearfoot were seemingly protected.

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“…When some researchers refer to subcutaneous fat or adipose layer without a precise anatomical or histological description, it is impossible to know to which tissue their observation is related [17].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical, Histological And Metabolic Differences Between Hypodermis And Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Cunha¹,

Rezende²,

Cunha³

et al. 2017

int arch med

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The development of treatments using stem cells has drawn the attention of researchers to fat deposits given the fact they represent an almost unlimited reservoir of such cells, which can be accessed through minimally invasive techniques. However, the standardization of these studies has been made difficult because of the controversies of nomenclature regarding the many components of adipose tissue. Despite their distinct and independent structures with different metabolic responses, the terms hypodermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue are many times used as synonyms. However, the correct distinction between these two layers, the knowledge of their behavior and an uniformity of these terminologies are of utmost importance.Thus, the purpose of this study was to make a bibliographic review on the theme, aiming to show the anatomical, histological and metabolic differences between these two tissues and standardize their nomenclature.

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Pilot study of dermal and subcutaneous fat structures by MRI in individuals who differ in gender, BMI, and cellulite grading

Cited by 147 publications

References 9 publications

Mechanistic Determinants of Biotherapeutics Absorption Following SC Administration

Mechanistic Determinants of Biotherapeutics Absorption Following SC Administration

In-Shoe Plantar Pressures and Ground Reaction Forces During Overweight Adults' Overground Walking

Anatomical, Histological And Metabolic Differences Between Hypodermis And Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

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