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<p>Current teleguidance methods include verbal guidance and robotic teleoperation, which present tradeoffs between
precision and latency versus flexibility and cost. We present
a novel concept of "human teleoperation" which bridges the
gap between these two methods. A prototype teleultrasound
system was implemented which shows the concept’s efficacy. An
expert remotely "teloperates" a person (the follower) wearing a
mixed reality headset by controlling a virtual ultrasound probe
projected into the person’s scene. The follower matches the pose
and force of the virtual device with a real probe. The pose,
force, video, ultrasound images, and 3-dimensional mesh of the
scene are fed back to the expert. In this control framework,
the input and the actuation are carried out by people, but with
near robot-like latency and precision. This allows teleguidance
that is more precise and fast than verbal guidance, yet more
flexible and inexpensive than robotic teleoperation. The system
was subjected to tests that show its effectiveness, including mean
teleoperation latencies of 0.27 seconds and errors of 7 mm and
6◦ in pose tracking. The system was also tested with an expert
ultrasonographer and four patients and was found to improve
the precision and speed of two teleultrasound procedures.
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