Pilot workload investigation for rotorcraft operation in low-altitude atmospheric turbulence

Ji, Honglei; Chen, Renliang; Lu, Linghai; White, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.ast.2021.106567

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…TurbSim is a stochastic inflow turbulence generator that allows the user to choose a range of spectral methods like Kaimal, Risø smooth terrain model, etc., to produce time series data of the 3D turbulence velocity components [106]. Furthermore, in [92], a novel spectral method is developed based on Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis and von Kármán's turbulence model with third and fourth order shaping filters to study rotorcraft pilot workload for operations in low-altitude atmospheric turbulence. The authors use pre-warped Tustin's transformation to discretize the shaping filters and obtain the 3D turbulence components within a specific frequency range for more accuracy in turbulence modelling.…”

Section: Cluster 5: Spectralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Wind Flow Modelling in Urban Environments to Support the Development of Urban Air Mobility

Nithya,

Quaranta,

Muscarello

et al. 2024

Drones

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Urban air mobility (UAM) is a transformative mode of air transportation system technology that is targeted to carry passengers and goods in and around urban areas using electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. UAM operations are intended to be conducted in low altitudes where microscale turbulent wind flow conditions are prevalent. This introduces flight testing, certification, and operational complexities. To tackle these issues, the UAM industry, aviation authorities, and research communities across the world have provided prescriptive ways, such as the implementation of dynamic weather corridors for safe operation, classification of atmospheric disturbance levels for certification, etc., within the proposed concepts of operation (ConOps), certification standards, and guidelines. However, a notable hindrance to the efficacy of these solutions lies in the scarcity of operational UAM and observational wind data in urban environments. One way to address this deficiency in data is via microscale wind modelling, which has been long established in the context of studying atmospheric dynamics, weather forecasting, turbine blade load estimation, etc. Thus, this paper aims to provide a critical literature review of a variety of wind flow estimation and forecasting techniques that can be and have been utilized by the UAM community. Furthermore, a compare-and-contrast study of the commonly used wind flow models employed within the wind engineering and atmospheric science domain is furnished along with an overview of the urban wind flow conditions.

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Section: Cluster 5: Spectralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Wind Flow Modelling in Urban Environments to Support the Development of Urban Air Mobility

Nithya,

Quaranta,

Muscarello

et al. 2024

Drones

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The dynamic models of the controller and actuator are added to the flight dynamics model to calculate the bandwidth and phase delay results with more accuracy. According to the relevant article [23,24], corresponding transfer functions are shown below:…”

Section: Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Uncertainty Quantification for Tiltrotor Aircraft

2022

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The tiltrotor has unique flight dynamics due to the aerodynamic interference characteristics. Multiple aerodynamics calculation approaches, such as the CFD method, are utilised to characterise this feature. The calculation process is usually time-consuming, and the obtained results are generally varied from each other. Thus, the uncertainty quantification (UQ) method will be utilised in this research to identify the aerodynamic inaccuracy effect on the handling qualities of the tiltrotor aircraft. The study aims to quantify the influence of the aerodynamic interference on the tiltrotor flight dynamics in different flight states, such as forward speeds and nacelle tilting angles, which can guide the flight dynamics modelling simplification to improve the simulation efficiency. Therefore, uncertainty identification and full factorial numerical integration (FFNI) methods are introduced to scale these aerodynamic uncertainties. The eigenvalue and bandwidth and phase delay requirements are presented as the failure criteria. The UQ calculation indicates that the uncertainties of the aerodynamic calculation significantly affect the handling quality ratings in two flight ranges: the helicopter mode and the conversion and aeroplane modes with higher forward speed (close to the conversion envelope). Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the mechanism behind these influences. The results demonstrate that aerodynamics affect the pitching attitude, the pitching damping, and the velocity and incidence stability derivatives. However, the effects of the velocity stability and the incidence stability are the reason causing the handling qualities’ degradation in the helicopter mode and high-speed mode, respectively.

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“…Another advantage is the possibility of adapting the levels of automation of remotely piloted aircraft systems during flight phases charactherized by disturbances or systems faults. According to Ji et al [11], it is crucial to investigate the pilot workload to improve flight safety and performance during different operations. The pilot model usually takes into account the neuromuscular behavior associated with the pilot actions along with the time delay to account for the pilot's cognitive responsiveness, while the pilot's mental workload due to physiological aspect could improve the pilot-modelin-the-loop [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Heart-Related Indexes Behavior Study for Aircraft Pilots Allowable Workload Level Assessment

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to evaluate workload by detecting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indexes in a sample of 34 pilots while performing simulated flight exercises. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to assess the changes of the physiological measures in five standard maneuvers associated with different workload levels. The results show that all the indexes, but the Low Frequency to High Frequency ratio index (LF/HF), have a well-defined trend between the baseline and the en-route phase and with the three phases takeoff, steady turn, and landing. This study provides evidence of a differentiation among low, medium, and high workload levels using the time, frequencies, and non-linear HRV domains of analysis. These findings support the relevance of HRV indexes for workload evaluation, suggesting the development of non-invasive instruments capable of assessing workload in real-time. Further studies may be conducted to investigate whether the same findings could also be applied to more challenging maneuvers in real working conditions.

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Pilot workload investigation for rotorcraft operation in low-altitude atmospheric turbulence

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Review of Wind Flow Modelling in Urban Environments to Support the Development of Urban Air Mobility

Review of Wind Flow Modelling in Urban Environments to Support the Development of Urban Air Mobility

Aerodynamic Uncertainty Quantification for Tiltrotor Aircraft

Human Heart-Related Indexes Behavior Study for Aircraft Pilots Allowable Workload Level Assessment

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