Pilus-mediated adsorption of Pseudomonas syringae to the surface of host and non-host plant leaves

Romantschuk, Martin; Nurmiaho‐Lassila, Eeva‐Liisa; Roine, Elina; Suoniemi, Anu

doi:10.1099/00221287-139-9-2251

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They are known to penetrate their host plants through damaged surfaces or natural openings (stomata and hydathodes) in stems or leaves2,3,6,11-13, [16][17][18][19]. Infection frequency of the epiphytic bacteria into host plants and disease incidence are related to the bacterial density on host plants, stomatal numbers and stomatal pore size 16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Sites of Pseudomonas cichorii into Head Leaf of Lettuce.

Hikichi

Saito

Suzuki

1996

Jpn. J. Phytopathol.

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Sections of middle head leaf of lettuce were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjug antibody against Pseudomonas cichorii, a causal agent of bacterial rot of lettuce, and were observe under a fluorescent microscope. Fluorescent antibody-labeled P. cichorii cells were observed in stomat of the sections, which did not contain browing symptom of the disease. Special fluorescent specks deriv from P. cichorii were most frequently observed in guard cells and intercellular spaces of substoma cavities. Browing, which was the initial symptom of disease, progressed from epidermis to mesophl In advance of progress of browing symptom, specific fluorescent specks were observed in intercellu spaces of epidermis and then were observed in intercellular spaces of mesophyll. These results sugge that P. cichorii first invaded head leaf of lettuce through stomata, later multiplied in intercellular space of epidermis and colonized intercellular spaces of mesophyll. Specific fluorescent specks were also observed in leaf hairs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Sites of Pseudomonas cichorii into Head Leaf of Lettuce.

Hikichi

Saito

Suzuki

1996

Jpn. J. Phytopathol.

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“…In the determination of bacterial numbers, 10 parallel independent samples were used. The adhesiveness of Xanthomonas to tomato leaves was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy as detailed previously (36).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For scanning electron microscopy, samples of infected tomato leaves were collected at 2, 24, and 48 h after bacteria were sprayed onto the leaves (see below). Cut leaf disks were processed for electron microscopy as detailed previously (36).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the fimA gene encoding bundle-forming fimbriae of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

et al. 1997

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The fimA gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was identified and characterized. A 20-mer degenerate oligonucleotide complementary to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified 15.5-kDa fimbrillin was used to locate fimA on a 2.6-kb SalI fragment of the X. campestris pv. vesicatoria 3240 genome. The nucleotide sequence of a 1.4-kb fragment containing the fimA region revealed two open reading frames predicting highly homologous proteins FimA and FimB. FimA, which was composed of 136 amino acids and had a calculated molecular weight of 14,302, showed high sequence identity to the type IV fimbrillin precursors. fimB predicted a protein product of 135 amino acids and a molecular weight of 13,854. The open reading frame for fimB contained near the 5 end a palindromic sequence with a terminator loop potential, and the expression level of fimB in vitro and in Xanthomonas was considerably lower than that of fimA. We detected an efficiently transcribed fimA-specific mRNA of 600 bases as well as two weakly expressed, longer mRNA species that reacted with both fimA and fimB. A homolog of fimA but not of fimB was detected by Southern hybridization in strains of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, campestris, begoniae, translucens, and graminis. A fimA::⍀ mutant of strain 3240 was not significantly reduced in virulence or adhesiveness to tomato leaves. However, the fimA mutant was dramatically reduced in cell aggregation in laboratory cultures and on infected tomato leaves. The fimA mutant strain also exhibited decreased tolerance to UV light.Xanthomonas campestris is a plant pathogen divided into more than 140 pathovars on the basis of the host plants of X. campestris isolates (48). Commonly, the pathovars exhibit a high degree of host specificity in causing the disease, which makes X. campestris infections an interesting target for studies on bacterium-plant interactions and pathogenetic mechanisms of the infections. The ability of X. campestris isolates to cause disease is controlled by hrp (hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity) genes, whose pathogenetic functions have not yet been characterized. Some of the identified hrp gene products of X. campestris exhibit sequence homology to proteins functioning in secretion of virulence factors of bacteria causing infections in animals (reviewed in reference 5), suggesting that secreted proteins play a role in pathogenesis of X. campestris infections. Isolates of X. campestris secrete plant cell walldegrading enzymes whose function in the pathogenetic processes of X. campestris infections, however, has remained unclear (reviewed in reference 13).In contrast to bacterial infections in mammals, the importance of fimbriae and bacterial adhesion to plant tissue in the pathogenetic processes of plant pathogens has remained controversial (reviewed in references 4 and 34). Fimbriae have been indicated to mediate adhesion of Pseudomonas syringae to bean leaves and to affect the virulence of P. syringae in bean (35). Recently, van Doorn et al. (47) isolated fimbriae from ...

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“…Although attachment per se is difficult to define in the context of the highly variable leaf habitat, mutants of P. syringae lacking pili have been shown to be more readily washed from leaves in short-term laboratory experiments (239)(240)(241)(242)274). In field experiments, mutants of P. syringae pv.…”

Section: Traits and Genes That Confer Epiphytic Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria in the Leaf Ecosystem with Emphasis onPseudomonas syringae—a Pathogen, Ice Nucleus, and Epiphyte

Hirano

Upper

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

834

610

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SUMMARY The extremely large number of leaves produced by terrestrial and aquatic plants provide habitats for colonization by a diversity of microorganisms. This review focuses on the bacterial component of leaf microbial communities, with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae—a species that participates in leaf ecosystems as a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte. Among the diversity of bacteria that colonize leaves, none has received wider attention than P. syringae, as it gained notoriety for being the first recombinant organism (Ice− P. syringae) to be deliberately introduced into the environment. We focus on P. syringae to illustrate the attractiveness and somewhat unique opportunities provided by leaf ecosystems for addressing fundamental questions of microbial population dynamics and mechanisms of plant-bacterium interactions. Leaf ecosystems are dynamic and ephemeral. The physical environment surrounding phyllosphere microbes changes continuously with daily cycles in temperature, radiation, relative humidity, wind velocity, and leaf wetness. Slightly longer-term changes occur as weather systems pass. Seasonal climatic changes impose still a longer cycle. The physical and physiological characteristics of leaves change as they expand, mature, and senesce and as host phenology changes. Many of these factors influence the development of populations of P. syringae upon populations of leaves. P. syringae was first studied for its ability to cause disease on plants. However, disease causation is but one aspect of its life strategy. The bacterium can be found in association with healthy leaves, growing and surviving for many generations on the surfaces of leaves as an epiphyte. A number of genes and traits have been identified that contribute to the fitness of P. syringae in the phyllosphere. While still in their infancy, such research efforts demonstrate that the P. syringae-leaf ecosystem is a particularly attractive system with which to bridge the gap between what is known about the molecular biology of genes linked to pathogenicity and the ecology and epidemiology of associated diseases as they occur in natural settings, the field.

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Pilus-mediated adsorption of Pseudomonas syringae to the surface of host and non-host plant leaves

Cited by 35 publications

References 10 publications

Infection Sites of Pseudomonas cichorii into Head Leaf of Lettuce.

Infection Sites of Pseudomonas cichorii into Head Leaf of Lettuce.

Characterization of the fimA gene encoding bundle-forming fimbriae of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Bacteria in the Leaf Ecosystem with Emphasis onPseudomonas syringae—a Pathogen, Ice Nucleus, and Epiphyte

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