Pilus-specific, Lipid-containing Bacteriophages PR4 and PR772: Comparison of Physical Characteristics of Genomes

Coetzee, W. F.; Bekker, Pirow

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-45-1-195

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Bacteriophages have been used for decades in medical size-based removal applications (3); more recently, filter manufacturers have used phages to evaluate the size exclusion properties of their viral removal filters (3,4,12,19,(25)(26)(27). On the basis of its reported 53-to 63-nm diameter (6,15,16) and its previous successful use in testing size exclusion properties of large-virus filters (4,12,(24)(25)(26), PR772 has been suggested by the Parenteral Drug Association virus filter task force to be a potential model bacteriophage to standardize nomenclature for large-pore-size virus filters (G. Sofer, unpublished data). This study was designed to conduct additional work and expand on the previous characterization of PR772 published several decades ago.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coliphage PR772 was originally isolated from the wastewater treatment system in Pretoria, South Africa (15,16). While less is known about the structure of PR772 than about that of PRD1, it can be surmised to be highly similar on the basis of the overall similarity of Tectiviridae family phages (15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…While less is known about the structure of PR772 than about that of PRD1, it can be surmised to be highly similar on the basis of the overall similarity of Tectiviridae family phages (15,16). Initial estimates of the PR772 capsid size of 53 nm were based on transmission EM (TEM) of phosphotungstate-stained and dried phages (15), a procedure that may shrink particles (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Because of its reported diameter (53 to 63 nm) (6,15,16) and its previous successful use in testing size exclusion properties of large-virus filters (4,12,(24)(25)(26), PR772 has been chosen by the Parenteral Drug Association virus filter task force to be the model bacteriophage to standardize nomenclature for larger-pore-size virus filters (G. Sofer, unpublished data). PR772 belongs to the Tectiviridae family of icosahedral double-stranded DNA bacteriophages (6,7,15,16). The family Tectiviridae includes phages with a lipid membrane beneath the icosahedral shell (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Coliphage PR772 and Evaluation of Its Use for Virus Filter Performance Testing

Lute

Aranha

Tremblay³

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Virus filtration is a key clearance unit operation in the manufacture of recombinant protein, monoclonal antibody, and plasma-derived biopharmaceuticals. Recently, a consensus has developed among filter manufacturers and end users about the desirability of a common nomenclature and a standardized test for classifying and identifying virus-retentive filters. The Parenteral Drug Association virus filter task force has chosen PR772 as the model bacteriophage to standardize nomenclature for large-pore-size virus-retentive filters (filters designed to retain viruses larger than 50 to 60 nm in size). Previously, the coliphage PR772 (Tectiviridae family) has been used in some filtration studies as a surrogate for mammalian viruses of around 50 to 60 nm. In this report, we describe specific properties of PR772 critical to the support of its use for the standardization of virus filters. The complete genomic sequence of virulent phage PR772 was determined. Its genome contains 14,946 bp with an overall G؉C content of 48.3 mol%, and 32 open reading frames of at least 40 codons. Comparison of the PR772 nucleotide sequence with the genome of Tectiviridae family prototype phage PRD1 revealed 97.2% identity at the DNA level. By dynamic light-scattering analysis, its hydrodynamic diameter was measured as 82 ؎ 6 nm, consistent with use in testing large-virus-retentive filters. Finally, dynamic light-scattering analysis of PR772 preparations purified on CsCl gradients showed that the phage preparations are largely monodispersed. In summary, PR772 appears to be an appropriate model bacteriophage for standardization of nomenclature for larger-pore-size virus-retentive filters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Coliphage PR772 and Evaluation of Its Use for Virus Filter Performance Testing

Lute

Aranha

Tremblay³

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…These plasmids encode the phage receptor but are not otherwise involved in the virus life cycle (22). Five other PRD1-like viruses have been isolated from different parts of the world (PR3 [5], PR4 [26], PR5 [30], PR772 [8], and L17 [4]), and it has been shown that their genomic sequences share approximately 98% identity (21).…”

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GIL16, a New Gram-Positive Tectiviral Phage Related to theBacillus thuringiensisGIL01 and theBacillus cereuspBClin15 Elements

2005

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One of the most notable characteristics of Tectiviridae resides in their double-layer coats: the doublestranded DNA is located within a flexible lipoprotein vesicle covered by a rigid protein capsid. Despite their apparent rarity, tectiviruses have an extremely wide distribution compared to other phage groups. Members of this family have been found to infect gram-negative (PRD1 and relatives) as well as gram-positive (Bam35, GIL01, AP50, and NS11) hosts. Several reports have shown that tectiviruses infecting gram-negative bacteria are closely related, whereas no information is currently available on the genetic relationship among those infecting gram-positive bacteria. The present study reports the sequence of GIL16, a new isolate originating from Bacillus thuringiensis, and a genetic comparison of this isolate with the tectiviral bacteriophages Bam35 and GIL01, which originated from B. thuringiensis serovars Alesti and Israelensis, respectively. In contrast to PRD1 and its relatives, these are temperate bacteriophages existing as autonomous linear prophages within the host cell. Mutations in a particular motif in both the GIL01 and GIL16 phages are also shown to correlate with a switch to the lytic cycle. Interestingly, both bacterial viruses displayed narrow, yet slightly different, host spectrums. We also explore the hypothesis that pBClin15, a linear plasmid hosted by the Bacillus cereus reference strain ATCC 14579, is also a prophage. Sequencing of its inverted repeats at both extremities and a comparison with GIL01 and GIL16 emphasize its relationship to the Tectiviridae.The bacteriophage GIL01 has a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 14,931 bp delineated by imperfect 73-bp inverted repeats and protected by proteins at its 5Ј ends. GIL01 is a temperate bacteriophage that was isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Israelensis whose prophage form, designated pGIL01, resides in the host cell as an autonomous linear plasmid without any apparent integration into the host chromosome. It has been suggested that GIL01 belongs to the family Tectiviridae (28), whose members are characterized by the presence of an internal lipid membrane. While tectiviruses infecting gram-negative bacteria have been extensively studied at the genetic level, those infecting gram-positive bacteria remain less well characterized. PRD1, for instance, is the family model and infects bacteria harboring conjugative plasmids of the P, N, or W incompatibility groups, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. These plasmids encode the phage receptor but are not otherwise involved in the virus life cycle In addition to GIL01, three other tectiviruses that infect gram-positive bacteria have been identified so far. The bacteriophages AP50 and NS11, isolated from Bacillus anthracis (19) and Bacillus acidocaldarius (23, 24), respectively, have only been morphologically characterized. Bam35 was isolated from B. thuringiensis serovar Alesti in 1978 (1) and was recently sequenced (21), revealing that it differs from GIL01 by 11 bp. A p...

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Virus and virus‐sized microsphere transport in a dolomite rock fracture

Mondal

Sleep

2013

Water Resources Research

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[1] Experiments were conducted with a laboratory-scale variable-aperture dolomite rock fracture to compare the transport of virus-sized microspheres and viruses. Transport tests were conducted using bromide, two sizes (20 and 200 nm diameter) of carboxylatemodified latex (CML) microspheres, and two bacteriophages (MS2 and PR772) that are often used as pathogenic virus surrogates. Retention of negatively charged MS2 was two to three times lower than retention of similarly sized negatively charged 20 nm microspheres, in contrast to expectations from Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. Retention and transport of MS2 and PR772 were much closer to that of the 200 nm microspheres, with approximately 20% greater retention of MS2 compared to PR772 for all conditions tested. Microsphere transport was more significantly affected by ionic strength than the bacteriophage transport, particularly the 20 nm microspheres. Impacts of calcium chloride were significant and different for microspheres compared to bacteriophages. Application of a one-dimensional advection-dispersion transport model with two types of kinetic attachment and detachment terms gave good fits to microsphere and bacteriophage transport data. However, blocking was required to accurately simulate transport of the 20 and 200 nm microspheres. Blocking was not a significant process for MS2 or PR772 under most conditions tested. Overall, results indicate that 20 nm CML microspheres are not suitable surrogates for transport of MS2 and PR772 in fractured dolomite, and therefore, likely not suitable as surrogates for other viral pathogens. The 200 nm microspheres would be more suitable as surrogates but show different responses to changes in solution chemistry compared to bacteriophages.Citation: Mondal, P. K., and B. E. Sleep (2013), Virus and virus-sized microsphere transport in a dolomite rock fracture, Water Resour. Res., 49,

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Pilus-specific, Lipid-containing Bacteriophages PR4 and PR772: Comparison of Physical Characteristics of Genomes

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Characterization of Coliphage PR772 and Evaluation of Its Use for Virus Filter Performance Testing

Characterization of Coliphage PR772 and Evaluation of Its Use for Virus Filter Performance Testing

GIL16, a New Gram-Positive Tectiviral Phage Related to theBacillus thuringiensisGIL01 and theBacillus cereuspBClin15 Elements

Virus and virus‐sized microsphere transport in a dolomite rock fracture

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