Pine Invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: Determinants of Spread and Invadability

Richardson, David M.; Williams, Peter; Hobbs, Richard J.

doi:10.2307/2845655

Cited by 372 publications

(342 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Invasions of tree species like Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in New Zealand and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in Australia and southern Africa have been reported [6][7][8]. However, most of the non-native conifer invasions have so far been reported from the southern hemisphere, while there is limited evidence from the northern hemisphere, and in particular from Europe [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway

Nygaard

Øyen²

2017

Forests

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Positive and negative effects on ecosystem services from plantation forestry in Europe have led to conflicts regarding non-native tree species. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) is the most common plantation species in northwest Europe, covering 1.3 Mha. In costal Norway, Sitka spruce was intentionally introduced and is currently occupying about 50,000 ha. Sitka spruce was blacklisted in Norway in 2012, mainly based on the risk for invasive spreading, but little quantitative documentation exists on spread. Here we quantify spread from plantations into abandoned heathland and pastures in thirteen sites where natural regeneration occurs. Spread distances and zero-square distributions related to the nearest edge of the parent stand were fitted by use of Weibull. The median expansion rate was 0.8 m·year −1 in north Norway and 4.4 m·year −1 in west Norway. The maximum establishment distance measured was 996 m. A peak in sapling density occurred within 50 m from the edge, and there was a general decrease in saplings with increasing distance. Conversely, increase in zero-squares percentages occurred with increasing distance. We argue that inclusion of abundance in assessing spread is necessary to define invasiveness. Based on spread models and prevailing forestry practices we recommend that the establishment of new Sitka spruce plantations within 200 m of protected areas should be avoided.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway

Nygaard

Øyen²

2017

Forests

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“…The Pinus L. genus is found naturally only in the Northern Hemisphere throughout North America, Europe and Asia (Mirov, 1967;USDA, 1974), locations where originally it occupied harsh sites, such as extremely cold and arid regions, mountain tops and flat, acidic and low-fertility soils (Richardson and Bond, 1991;Richardson et al, 1994;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Richardson, 2006). Pinus is the most invasive woody taxon, exceeded only by herbaceous plants (Pysek, 1998;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural ecosystems invaded by pine occur in open phytophysiognomies or marginal habitats, such as grasslands, the vegetation of coastal sandy plains, dunes, scrubs, steppes, hilltops, savannas and lithological environments or disturbed areas in the pioneer stages of succession (Richardson and Bond, 1991;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Zalba and Villamil, 2002). The 21 invasive Pinus species (Petit et al, 2004;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Richardson, 2006), especially those of the sub-genus Diploxylon (Rejmanek and Richardson, 1996), are well documented to have high invasiveness in both the Northern (Richardson and Bond, 1991;Sturgess and Atkinson, 1993;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Catling and Carbyn, 2005) and, particularly, Southern Hemisphere (Chilvers and Burdon, 1983;Corbett, 1991;Richardson et al, 1992;Richardson et al, 1994;Rejmanek and Richardson, 1996;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Williams and Wardle, 2005;Richardson et al, 2008;Langdon et al, 2010;Simberloff et al, 2010). Richardson and Higgins (1998) verified the regular dispersion of Pinus seeds up to 8 km from its matrices and, occasionally, a more distant dispersal up to 25 km.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii in Brazilian sandy coastal plain vegetation: implications for biological invasion

Bechara

Reis

Bourscheid

et al. 2013

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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Pinus is the most invasive woody taxon, exceeded only by herbaceous plants. This study reports the reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii Engelm. var.elliottii, describing its invasive properties in a protected natural area of the Brazilian coastal sandy plains. We evaluated the seed germination and rain, longevity of seed viability and the initial dynamics of the seedlings of Pinus elliottii var elliottii through field and laboratory experiments. We recorded a continuous seed rain of about 204.0 viable seeds m -2 per year, with a 90 % germination rate. The seeds exhibited a low longevity of viability in the soil and a dense, permanent seedling bank that may explain the high levels of pine invasion. The environmental impact caused by the pine's biological invasion suggests the recommendation for its immediate eradication, together with a restoration plan to restitute the native biodiversity gradually.

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“…Although, exotic annual species may be ver y abundant during the fi rst year after fi re in the chaparral, later, these sites are free of exotic species because the closed canopy of shrubs is not favorable for the regeneration of the invasive species, and also because chaparral fi res are of high intensity, destroying most of the exotic seeds buried in the soil (Keeley et al 2003). However, in the Cape Fynbos of South Africa fi res favor the invasion of exotic woody plants, which dominate native vegetation creating positive feedback with fi re that maintain their dominance over time (Jones 1963, Kruger & Bigalke 1984, Richardson et al 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of heat and smoke on the emergence of exotic and native seedlings in a Mediterranean fire-free matorral of central Chile

Figueroa

Cavieres

2012

Rev. chil. hist. nat.

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Efecto del calor y el humo sobre la emergencia de plántulas exóticas y nativas en un matorral mediterráneo libre de fuego en Chile central ABSTRACTWe studied the effect of heat shock and wood-fueled smoke on the emergence of native and exotic plant species in soil samples obtained in an evergreen matorral of central Chile that has been free of fi re for decades. It is located on the eastern foothills of the Andes Range in San Carlos de Apoquindo. Immediately after collection samples were dried and stored under laboratory conditions. For each two transect, ten samples were randomly chosen, and one of the following treatments was applied: (1) heat-shock treatment, (2) plant-produced smoke treatment, (3) combined heat-and-smoke treatment, and (4) control, corresponding to samples not subjected to treatment. Twenty-seven species, representing 13 families, emerged from the soil samples. The most abundant families were Asteraceae and Poaceae. All of the emerged species were herbaceous, and 18 species were exotic. Respect to general hypothesis, there is no evidence for the proposition that fi re-free matorral has lower proportion of exotic and native species with fi re-related cues than matorral with fi res. Among the exotic and native, the mean number of species that emerged from soil samples did not change signifi cantly with respect to the control for any of the treatments applied. Nevertheless, important speciesspecifi c responses were observed. Smoke and heat-smoke combination signifi cantly increased the emergence of the exotic species Anthriscus caucalis. While smoke-related cues signifi cantly increased the emergence of the exotic species Avena barbata, the emergence of the exotic Aphanes arvensis and the native Bromus berteroanus decreases. For several species our results showed inconsistent responses to fi re-related cues compared to those reported in the literature. We suggest that these differences might be related with the fi re-history in the populations, an important issue poorly acknowledge in the literature.Key words: central Chile, exotic herb, fi re, heat-shock, smoke. RESUMENNosotros estudiamos el efecto del golpe de calor y del humo de la combustión de material leñoso sobre la emergencia de especies de plantas nativas y exóticas en muestras de suelo obtenidas en un matorral siempreverde de Chile central que ha estado libre de fuego por décadas, ubicado en el piedemonte occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes en San Carlos de Apoquindo. Las muestras fueron secadas y almacenadas en condiciones de laboratorio, inmediatamente después de las colectas. En cada uno de los dos transectos, diez muestras fueron aleatoriamente elegidas para la aplicación de los siguientes tratamientos: (1) golpe de calor, (2) humo producido por material vegetal, (3) calor y humo combinado, y (4) control, que corresponde a muestras que no fueron tratadas. Veinte y siete especies, que representan a 13 familias, emergieron de las muestras de suelo. Las familias más abundantes fueron Asteraceae y Poaceae. Todas las especies que...

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Pine Invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: Determinants of Spread and Invadability

Cited by 372 publications

References 40 publications

Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway

Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway

Reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii in Brazilian sandy coastal plain vegetation: implications for biological invasion

The effect of heat and smoke on the emergence of exotic and native seedlings in a Mediterranean fire-free matorral of central Chile

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