“Pine Mouth” Syndrome: Cacogeusia Following Ingestion of Pine Nuts (Genus: Pinus). An Emerging Problem?

Munk, Marc-David

doi:10.1007/s13181-009-0001-1

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The symptoms and incubation periods reported in the present trial are in close agreement with real case stories [1,5]. However, none of the volunteers experienced nausea, headache, diarrhoea or vomiting, nor did they experience symptoms lasting more than a week, as reported elsewhere [1,5].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Despite the recent scientific focus, the causative agent responsible for PNS is not known, but the dysgeusia have so far been related to pine nuts from the species of P. armandii [2,4]. A few PNS cases have been reported [3,5], but to our knowledge, no controlled trials have yet been published. The aim of this small trial is to document the incubation periods, symptoms and their duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Trial Investigating the Symptoms Related to Pine Nut Syndrome

Ballin

2012

J. Med. Toxicol.

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During the last few years, thousands of cases of pine nut-related dysgeusia have been reported. The symptoms involved are predominantly related to taste disturbances such as a constant bitter or metallic taste. The taste disturbance has been reported to occur 1-2 days after ingestion of pine nuts from the species of Pinus armandii. This paper describes a small trial where six volunteers consumed six to eight pine nuts suspected to cause dysgeusia. Incubation periods, symptoms and their duration were recorded. The trial showed that all subjects had developed symptoms of pine nut-related dysgeusia. Four out of six subjects experienced the classical bitter and metallic taste 1-2 days after ingestion. Two subjects experienced minor symptoms such as dryness and a sensation of enlarged tonsils. After the disappearance of symptoms, laboratory tests determined the pine nuts to originate from the species of P. armandii. A follow-up conversation with the subjects after 1 year showed no recurrent symptoms.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Trial Investigating the Symptoms Related to Pine Nut Syndrome

Ballin

2012

J. Med. Toxicol.

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“…Pine nut syndrome is also known as pine mouth syndrome (PMS) or pine nut mouth syndrome [17,24,36,[43][44][45][46]. Kwegyir-Afful et al [47] introduced the term 'Pine Mouth Event'.…”

Section: Pine Nut Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kwegyir-Afful et al [47] introduced the term 'Pine Mouth Event'. Medically, it is known as dysgeusia, metallogeusia or cacogeusia [10,43,46,48].…”

Section: Pine Nut Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Pine Nuts: A Review of Recent Sanitary Conditions and Market Development

Awan

Pettenella

2017

Forests

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Pine nuts are non-wood forest products (NWFP) with a constantly growing market notwithstanding a series of phytosanitary issues and related trade problems. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the relationship between phytosanitary problems and trade development. Production and trade of pine nuts in Mediterranean Europe have been negatively affected by the spreading of Diplodia sapinea (a fungus) associated with an adventive insect Leptoglossus occidentalis (fungal vector), with impacts on forest management, production and profitability and thus in value chain organization. Reduced availability of domestic production in markets with a growing demand has stimulated the import of pine nuts. China has become a leading exporter of pine nuts, but its export is affected by a symptom caused by the nuts of some pine species: 'pine nut syndrome' (PNS). Most of the studies mentioned in the literature review concern PNS occurrence associated with the nuts of Pinus armandii. We highlight the need for a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the pine nuts value chain organization, where research on food properties and clinical toxicology may be connected to breeding and forest management, forest pathology and entomology, and trade development.

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“…In addition, occasional cases of diarrhea, headache and nausea have been reported to be associated with this syndrome [1]. Only a few studies of PNS have been reported [3–5], and one study has described the symptoms of pine nut-related dysgeusia in a total of six subjects [6]. A single species of pine nuts ( Pinus armandii ) has previously been associated with this syndrome [1,7,8], although recent studies have reported taste disturbances from samples containing nuts from a mixture of different Pinus species [2,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A potential trigger for pine mouth: a case of a homozygous phenylthiocarbamide taster

et al. 2015

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Pine mouth, also known as Pine Nut Syndrome (PNS), is an uncommon dysgeusia that generally begins 12–48 hours after consuming pine nuts. It is characterized by a bitter metallic taste, usually amplified by the consumption of other foods, which lasts 2–4 weeks. Recent findings have correlated this disorder with the consumption of nuts of the species Pinus armandii, but no potential triggers or common underlying medical causes have been identified in individuals affected by this syndrome. We report a 23-year-old patient affected by pine mouth that also underwent a PTC taste test and was found to be a taster for this compound. TAS2R38 genotyping demonstrated this subject was a homozygous carrier of the PAV taster haplotype. We therefore hypothesize that homozygous PTC taster status may be a potential contributor for pine mouth events. Although based on a single observation, this research suggests a connection between genetically determined bitter taste perception and the occurrence of pine nut dysgeusia events.

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“Pine Mouth” Syndrome: Cacogeusia Following Ingestion of Pine Nuts (Genus: Pinus). An Emerging Problem?

Cited by 23 publications

References 5 publications

A Trial Investigating the Symptoms Related to Pine Nut Syndrome

A Trial Investigating the Symptoms Related to Pine Nut Syndrome

Pine Nuts: A Review of Recent Sanitary Conditions and Market Development

A potential trigger for pine mouth: a case of a homozygous phenylthiocarbamide taster

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