Pine wilt toxin, the metabolite of a bacterium associated with a nematode

Oku, Hachiro; Shiraishi, Takeshi; Ouchi, Seiji; Kurozumi, Seizi; Ohta, Hiroshi

doi:10.1007/bf01086307

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…In 1971, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was proven to be the causal pathogenic agent of PWD (Kiyohara and Tokushige 1971) and nowadays constitutes an important quarantine species. A decade later, Oku et al (1980) reported a possible association of PWN with toxinproducing bacteria, which later became evident by the studies developed by Zhao et al (2003) and Han et al (2003). It is now known that the PWN carries bacteria from different genera and that the bacterial communities differ among countries.…”

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confidence: 92%

Bacteria associated with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus collected in Portugal

Vicente

Nascimento

Espada

et al. 2011

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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mentioning

confidence: 92%

Bacteria associated with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus collected in Portugal

Vicente

Nascimento

Espada

et al. 2011

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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“…Physiological changes in symptom development of pine wilt disease have been dealt with in many papers; decrease in photosynthesis (Fukuda et al, 1992a;Kaneko, 1989;Masuda, 1976;Ohyama and Kaminaka, 1975), denaturation of xylem and cortex parenchyma cells (Fukuda et al, 1992b;Ikeda, 1996a, Ikeda andKiyohara, 1995;Ikeda and Suzaki, 1984;Ikeda et al, 1994;Ishida et at., 1993;Kuroda et al, 1988;Mamiya, 1975Mamiya, , 1980Mamiya, , 1984Mamiya, , 1985Nobuchi et al, 1984;Sugawa, 1978Sugawa, , 1982, traumatic resin canal formation (Sugawa, 1978(Sugawa, , 1982, cambium destruction (Fukuda et al, 1992b;Ikeda, 1996a;lkeda et al, 1994;Myers, 1986;Sasaki et al, 1984), production of phytotoxic substances Kawazu et al, 1996a, b;Oku, 1988;Oku et al, 1980Oku et al, , 1985Shaheen et al, 1984;Ueda et aL, 1984), enhanced respiration (Mori and Inoue, 1983;Ohyama and Kaminaka, 1975) and ethylene production (Fukuda et al, 1994, Mori andInoue, 1986), water potential and transpiration of leaves and heat pulse velocity (Fukuda et al, 1988a(Fukuda et al, , b, c, 1992aIkeda and Kiyohara, 1995;Ikeda and Suzaki, 1984;…”

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confidence: 96%

Physiological Process of the Symptom Development and Resistance Mechanism in Pine Wilt Disease

Fukuda

1997

Journal of Forest Research

141

108

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Pathophysiological changes during the symptom development of pine wilt disease are reconsidered from recent investigations. The symptom development is divided into two stages: the early and the advanced stages. In the early stage, small number of nematodes migrate in cortex, then in xylem of the stem, and induce denaturation and necrosis of parenchyma cells. These changes in parenchyma are regarded as defense reactions of pines which result in terpene synthesis in xylem cells and embolism in tracheids. Such changes in the early stage can be induced in both susceptible and resistant pine species by either virulent or avirulent isolates of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), or by B. mucronatus. No change occur in physiological status of leaves, and nematode reproduction is suppressed during this stage. Pine trees can survive if symptom does not progress from this stage. The symptoms of the advanced stage usually occur only in susceptible pines infected by virulent nematode isolates. At the beginning of the advanced stage, enhanced ethylene production by stem which coincides with cambial destruction occurs, and results in embolism of the outermost xylem in the portion. The embolism causes decrease in leaf water potential and cessation of photosynthesis. After cessation of photosynthesis, symptoms develop drastically with a burst of nematode population. There seems to be some unknown mechanism which suppress nematode reproduction and invasion to the cambial zone. This mechanism is thought to be photosynthesis-dependent, so that in photosynthesis-decreased conditions, even avirulent nematodes can multiply and invade cambium to induce tree death. Water stress in hot and dry summer should accelerates symptom development from the early to the advanced stage through such decrease of photosynthesis-dependent "cambial resistance."

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“…Abnormal toxic metabolites (toxins) accumulated in nematode-infected pine have been reported to take part in rapid wilting of pine wilt disease1, [3][4][5][6][7]9). Toxins were isolated from naturally infected pine trees and identified as benzoic acid7), 8-hydroxycarvotanacetone4,11), catechol7), dihydroconiferyl alcohol4,11), and 10-hydroxyverbenone1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of abnormal metabolites isolated from nematode-infected pine on pine seedlings and pine wood nematodes.

Oku

Yamamoto²,

Ohta

et al. 1985

Jpn. J. Phytopathol.

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Abnormal metabolites isolated from nematode-infected pine, benzoic acid, catechol, 8-hydroxycarvotanacetone (8-HCA), and dihydroconiferyl alcohol (DCA) were tested for biological activity to 1-month-old pine seedlings and pine wood nematodes. Seedlings of Pinus thumbergii, suscepible to pine wilt disease were more sensitive to benzoic acid, catechol, and DCA than the other species tested. D-Isomer of 8-HCA was more toxic than L-isomer. Weak synergistic effects were observed on the toxicity to pine seedlings between DCA and benzoic acid, and between D-8-HCA and benzoic acid. The synergistic effect seemed to appear more prominent against 3-year-old seedlings. L-Isomer of 8-HCA and DCA inhibited the multiplication of pine wood nematodes at 30 and 10ppm, respectively, whereas D-isomer of 8-HCA, benzoic acid, and catechol did not even at 100ppm. All 4 compounds stimulated the multiplication at lower concentrations. The biologically active concentrations of some of these compounds accumulated in the trunks of 15-to 25-year-old pine trees after inoculation with pathogenic nematodes, hence these abnormal metabolites seemed to be involved in the pathogenesis of pine wilt disease in complex manner.

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Pine wilt toxin, the metabolite of a bacterium associated with a nematode

Cited by 59 publications

References 2 publications

Bacteria associated with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus collected in Portugal

Bacteria associated with the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus collected in Portugal

Physiological Process of the Symptom Development and Resistance Mechanism in Pine Wilt Disease

Effect of abnormal metabolites isolated from nematode-infected pine on pine seedlings and pine wood nematodes.

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