Pinecone particles filled polybenzoxazine composites: Thermomechanical and mechanical properties

Abstract

In the current study, 1 wt%, NaOH treated pine cone (ATPC) particles composites with bisphenol‐A aniline based benzoxazine (BA‐a) matrix were prepared by isothermal compression method. Ultimate impacts of ATPC reinforcement on the thermomechanical, tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the composites were studied by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), a Universal testing machine, and a Tinius‐Olsen impact device, respectively. The thermal stability of ATPC particles was remarkably increased, TGA confirmed that particles will not be degraded during the curing. The DMA results of 30 wt% ATPC reinforced composites confirmed that the glass transition temperature, storage modulus, and loss modulus were 22°C, 2510, and 250 MPa higher than the neat matrix, respectively. In addition, the impact strength of the 30 wt% ATPC reinforced composites was nearly 3 times higher than the neat matrix, which confirmed that the matrix's brittleness is reduced, similar observation was confirmed by the Brostow and coworkers empirical model. Moreover, a gradual rise in the tensile and flexural properties was also recorded. We can easily conclude from the studied parameters that the ATPC particles can be used as a sustainable agro‐waste in polymeric composites.

Processing and performance evaluation of agro wastes reinforced bio-based epoxy hybrid composites

“…Ayrilmis et al 42 prepared thermoplastic composites utilizing pine cone flour and wood flour and concluded that pine cone was a suitable reinforcing filler for polymer composites and suggested roof siding and outdoor decking as its potential practical applications. Polybenzoxazine matrix composites utilizing pinecone particles as fillers were fabricated by Nawaz et al 43 to analyze the mechanical and thermomechanical properties. The fillers after alkali treatment were added at different weight percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wt.%).…”

Development of chopped glass fiber composites with difunctional benzoxazine and bio‐based phthalonitrile copolymer: A study of mechanical and thermomechanical properties

“…31 Researchers dedicated this decline to the reduced reinforcing effect of filler in composites because of uneven dispersion and agglomeration of filler within the matrix. Analogous and comparable results of DMA were reviewed where benzoxazine and PN resins were customized by the reinforcement of glass fibers, 32 carbon fibers, 5,33 and Arundodonax L. fibers; 34 Pinecone particles, 35 silicon carbide particles, 36 silicon nitride nanoparticles, 37 and zirconia nanoparticles. 38 The reinforcement of these fibers and particles improves E' due to the restriction in chain segment mobility.…”

Catalyst‐free reprocessable crosslinked biobased polybenzoxazine‐polyurethane based on dynamic carbamate chemistry

“…[1][2][3] Polybenzoxazines are obtained through a ring-opening polymerization process of heterocyclic six-membered 1,3-benzoxazine monomer most commonly synthesized by a Mannich-like condensation of a phenol, a primary amine and formaldehyde. 3,4 The design flexibility results in the number of novel synthesized monomers constantly increasing. Nowadays, the number of renewable or sustainable phenolic or amine derivatives to replace the petroleum-based ones as well as the development of environmentally compatible and sustainable polymers have attracted considerable attention.…”

“…Polybenzoxazines are obtained through a ring‐opening polymerization process of heterocyclic six‐membered 1,3‐benzoxazine monomer most commonly synthesized by a Mannich‐like condensation of a phenol, a primary amine and formaldehyde 3,4 . The design flexibility results in the number of novel synthesized monomers constantly increasing.…”