Pion Detection Using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Bulling, Anthony Frederick; Underwood, Ian

doi:10.3390/s23218759

Sensors

2023

DOI: 10.3390/s23218759

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Pion Detection Using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Anthony Frederick Bulling,

Ian Underwood

Abstract: We present the first reported use of a CMOS-compatible single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array for the detection of high-energy charged particles, specifically pions, using the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The results confirm the detection of incident high-energy pions at 120 GeV, minimally ionizing, which complements the variety of ionizing radiation that can be detected with CMOS SPADs.

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2024

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A refined method for characterizing afterpulse probability in single-photon avalanche diodes

Dejen,

Vaquero-Stainer,

Santana

et al. 2024

Applied Physics Letters

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Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are critical components in low-light-level sensing and photonic quantum information applications. For these, it is often necessary that a full characterization of the SPAD is performed, for which a key metric is the afterpulse probability. This study provides a detailed comparison of the common synchronized and non-synchronized methods used to measure afterpulse probability. Measurements on a single SPAD reveal inconsistencies between the afterpulse probabilities obtained by the two methods. By re-deriving the equations from first principles, the discrepancy is traced to the analysis approach for the non-synchronized experiment. An improved analysis approach is presented, leading to better agreement between the non-synchronized and synchronized methods. The study also provides guidance on the experimental conditions required for the valid application of both methods, along with a detailed analysis of the limitations of the non-synchronized method under high photon flux. These findings offer a more accurate approach for characterizing afterpulse probability and for reconciling the results of two methods, which enables better quantification of SPAD performance.

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A refined method for characterizing afterpulse probability in single-photon avalanche diodes

Dejen,

Vaquero-Stainer,

Santana

et al. 2024

Applied Physics Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

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Pion Detection Using Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Cited by 1 publication

References 23 publications

A refined method for characterizing afterpulse probability in single-photon avalanche diodes

A refined method for characterizing afterpulse probability in single-photon avalanche diodes

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