Pipecolic acid pathway: The major lysine metabolic route in the rat brain

Chang, Yung-Feng

doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80288-4

Cited by 115 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The pipecolate pathway represents the major Lys catabolic route in rat brain (Chang, 1976), and Pip has been recognized as a weak inhibitory neurotransmitter and GABA agonist (Charles, 1986). In plants, enhanced Pip levels have been measured following growthaffecting treatments, such as application of the plant growth regulator maleic hydrazide and osmotic stress (Yatsu and Boynton, 1959;Moulin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pipecolic Acid, an Endogenous Mediator of Defense Amplification and Priming, Is a Critical Regulator of Inducible Plant Immunity

et al. 2012

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Metabolic signals orchestrate plant defenses against microbial pathogen invasion. Here, we report the identification of the non-protein amino acid pipecolic acid (Pip), a common Lys catabolite in plants and animals, as a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity. Following pathogen recognition, Pip accumulates in inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, in leaves distal from the site of inoculation, and, most specifically, in petiole exudates from inoculated leaves. Defects of mutants in AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and in basal, specific, and β-aminobutyric acid–induced resistance to bacterial infection are associated with a lack of Pip production. Exogenous Pip complements these resistance defects and increases pathogen resistance of wild-type plants. We conclude that Pip accumulation is critical for SAR and local resistance to bacterial pathogens. Our data indicate that biologically induced SAR conditions plants to more effectively synthesize the phytoalexin camalexin, Pip, and salicylic acid and primes plants for early defense gene expression. Biological priming is absent in the pipecolate-deficient ald1 mutants. Exogenous pipecolate induces SAR-related defense priming and partly restores priming responses in ald1. We conclude that Pip orchestrates defense amplification, positive regulation of salicylic acid biosynthesis, and priming to guarantee effective local resistance induction and the establishment of SAR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pipecolic Acid, an Endogenous Mediator of Defense Amplification and Priming, Is a Critical Regulator of Inducible Plant Immunity

et al. 2012

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“…17 Pipecolic acid (Pip) is a Lys-derived metabolite in plants and animals with important physiological functions. 4 It represents the major Lys catabolite in rat brain, 18 and has been recognized as a weak inhibitory neurotransmitter and GABA agonist in animals. 19 In Arabidopsis, Pip accumulation is critical for the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible immune response initiated in inoculated leaf tissue that confers broad-spectrum immunity to the whole plant foliage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco

Vogel-Adghough¹,

Stahl²,

Návarová³

et al. 2013

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…Many studies have reported on the origin, metabolism and role of pipecolic acid in mammals [19][20][21]. For example, the Zellweger syndrome, an inborn genetic disorder, presents with hyperpipecolatemia, which is of considerable clinical interest [22,23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of <i>D</i>- and <i>L</i>-Pipecolic Acid in Food Samples Including Processed Foods

Fujita¹,

Fujita²,

Kodama³

et al. 2003

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of lysine, is found in human physiological fluids and is thought to play an important role in the central inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid system. However, it is unclear whether plasma D- and L-pipecolic acid originate from oral food intake or intestinal bacterial metabolites. Methods: We analyzed the contents of D- and L-pipecolic acid in several processed foods including dairy products (cow’s milk, cheese and yogurt), fermented beverages (beer and wine) and heated samples (beef, bovine liver, bread and tofu) to clarify the relationship between plasma D- and L-pipecolic acid and dietary foods. Results: Our study revealed that some of the samples contained high concentrations of total pipecolic acid, and a higher proportion of L- than D-isomers. The other samples also showed high proportions of L-pipecolic acid. It was also shown that there is no significant change in the ratio of the D-isomer before and after heat treatment. The heat treatments could not cause the racemization of pipecolic acid in this study. Conclusion: These findings suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, does not originate from direct food intake and that D- and L-pipecolic acid can possibly be derived from intestinal bacterial metabolites.

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Pipecolic acid pathway: The major lysine metabolic route in the rat brain

Cited by 115 publications

References 18 publications

Pipecolic Acid, an Endogenous Mediator of Defense Amplification and Priming, Is a Critical Regulator of Inducible Plant Immunity

Pipecolic Acid, an Endogenous Mediator of Defense Amplification and Priming, Is a Critical Regulator of Inducible Plant Immunity

Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco

Determination of <i>D</i>- and <i>L</i>-Pipecolic Acid in Food Samples Including Processed Foods

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