Pipeline Flow Behavior of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions with and without a Polymeric Additive in the Aqueous Phase

Omer, A.I.H.; Pal, Rajinder

doi:10.1002/ceat.200900297

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It was reported that since the measured turbulent pressure drop was lower than that calculated from Blasius equation, drag reduction was claimed (Cengel et al (1962), Pal (1987, Pal (1993), and Omer and Pal (2010)) and such drag reduction is enhanced as: the dispersed phase fraction increases (Pal (1987) and Pal (1993)); the pipe diameter decreases (Pal (1993) and Masalova et al (2003)) and as the viscosity of oil continuous decreases (Omer and Pal (2010)). Moreover, drag reduction is a function of emulsion type (Pal 1993) and pipe material (Angeli and Hewitt (1998)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Droplets stretching and elongation, in turbulent regime, is proposed as a mechanism of the reported drag reduction of studied unstable emulsions (Pal (2007)). Furthermore, phase inversion of unstable emulsions was also reported (Pal (1993) little or no drag reduction was addressed for surfactant stabilized water-in-oil emulsions (Pal (1993) and Omer and Pal (2010)). In addition, (Pal (1993) and Omer and Pal (2010)) reported that as the dispersed phase fraction increased, phase inversion and an increase in emulsion effective viscosities were reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Furthermore, phase inversion of unstable emulsions was also reported (Pal (1993) little or no drag reduction was addressed for surfactant stabilized water-in-oil emulsions (Pal (1993) and Omer and Pal (2010)). In addition, (Pal (1993) and Omer and Pal (2010)) reported that as the dispersed phase fraction increased, phase inversion and an increase in emulsion effective viscosities were reported. This paper aims to investigate experimentally the effect of the aqueous phase fraction on the flow characteristics of surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions in different pipe diameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of Water Fraction on Surfactant-Stabilized Water-in-Oil Emulsion Flow Characteristics

Al-Yaari

Hussein

Al–Sarkhi

et al. 2013

SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference

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High friction losses while pumping emulsified acid in a carbonate stimulation treatment limit the injection rate, which can negatively impact operational efficiency; consequently, reducing friction is highly desirable. This study experimentally investigates the role of dispersed phase (water) fraction on frictional drag in different pipe diameters.Flow loop experiments were conducted to study the effect of water fraction on the flow characteristics of surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions. Emulsion physical properties such as stability, type, and rheology measurements were correlated to pressure drop measurements in a flow loop consisting of 1-in and 0.5-in horizontal pipe diameters at constant (ambient) emulsion temperature.The results demonstrated a shear thinning behavior for the emulsions being investigated. In addition, as water fraction increased emulsion stability increased. Furthermore, a significant reduction in emulsion viscosity and pressure drop with decreasing water fraction was observed. In one case, a decrease of water volume fraction from 0.7 to 0.6 resulted in a 60 to 75% drag reduction, depending on the Reynolds number (Re). Moreover, for a given water fraction, the reduction in drag of stable water-in-oil emulsions was found to be more pronounced in smaller pipe diameter due to the shear thinning effect and became significant at higher values of water fraction and Re.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Water Fraction on Surfactant-Stabilized Water-in-Oil Emulsion Flow Characteristics

Al-Yaari

Hussein

Al–Sarkhi

et al. 2013

SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The stability of water-in-crude oil emulsion results from the tendency for dispersed water droplets to resist coalescence (Chan and Tao 2005). The droplet size distribution is an important emulsion characteristic influencing a range of emulsion properties including its rheology (Aichele et al 2016;Omer and Pal 2010;Pal 1993Pal , 2007Pal , 2011. Hence, measurement of these W/O emulsion droplet sizes as a function of AA enables a better understanding of the impact of their addition on the flow behaviour of the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hydrate anti-agglomerants on water-in-crude oil emulsion stability

Azizi

Johns

Aman

et al. 2019

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the interface of water droplets in water-in-oil emulsions. Such hydrate formation can enable downstream agglomeration and slurry viscosification, thus increasing the risk of hydrate blockage. Therefore, emulsion stability represents a critical parameter in understanding this overall flow behaviour. In this study, the impact of three common and widely-used industrial anti-agglomerants from three different suppliers (AA-1, AA-2 and AA-3-exact composition is commercially sensitive) on 30 wt% water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion stability was investigated. Bench-top nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods were used to measure the droplet size distributions (DSDs) of the W/O emulsions as a complement to bottle stability test. In the absence of hydrate anti-agglomerants, based on visual observation, 85% of the original W/O emulsion remained after 10 h. In the presence of AA-1 and AA-2, 94% of the original emulsion was retained; in contrast, AA-3 acted to destabilise the emulsion with only 64% of the original emulsion visually evident after 10 h. These results were substantiated by PFG NMR measurements which showed substantial changes in droplet size as a function of sample height for the W/O emulsion formulated with AA-3. Interestingly the W/O emulsion formulated with AA-1, while very stable, was characterised by comparatively very large water droplets, indicative of a complex multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion microstructure. AA-2 forms stable emulsion with small droplets of water dispersed in the oil phase. Our results provide insight into a wide range of potential impacts of AA addition on an industrial crude oil pipeline, in which AA-1 resulted in a complex W/O/W multiple emulsion, AA-2 behaved as an emulsifier and AA-3 behaved as a demulsifier.

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“…To solve these problems, considerable theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out using two different approaches: synthetic emulsions measured in a rheometer [3][4][5][6][7] and emulsions induced in pipe flow. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, a few works have been carried out by simultaneously using two systems. [16][17][18][19] Masalova et al [16] studied the rheological and transport properties of water-in-oil emulsions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological behaviour of oil and water emulsions and their flow characterization in horizontal pipes

Zhang

2016

Can J Chem Eng

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In this work, the rheological behaviour of oil and water emulsions and their flow characterization were studied using a Haake RS6000 rheometer and a lab scale flow loop. The rheological properties of the synthetic emulsions were investigated at oil volume fractions from 0.1-1.0 L/L and shear rates from 0.001-1000 s À1 at a system temperature of 20 8C. The emulsions flow, formed by the SMV static mixer installed before the test section, was observed in the 2-m long horizontal pipes with 25 and 50 mm inner diameters at different mixture flow rates from 0.01-7.00 m 3 /h. A comparison between rheological measurements and laminar flow data shows that the values of the Sauter mean droplet diameters formed by the SMV static mixer are approximately one order of magnitude bigger than those measured by the rheometer. For oil-in-water emulsions with low oil content, the stress-strain relationships obtained in the rheometer are more suitable for predicting the transport characteristics of the emulsions with a large pipe diameter than those with a small pipe diameter. In addition, the phase inversion points in the pipe flow are closer to those measured at high shear rates in the rheometer. Therefore, the apparent viscosity obtained by the rheology measurements at high shear rates could be introduced for accurate calculations of the mixture Reynolds number and the friction factor in emulsions flow.

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Pipeline Flow Behavior of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions with and without a Polymeric Additive in the Aqueous Phase

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Water Fraction on Surfactant-Stabilized Water-in-Oil Emulsion Flow Characteristics

Effect of Water Fraction on Surfactant-Stabilized Water-in-Oil Emulsion Flow Characteristics

Effect of hydrate anti-agglomerants on water-in-crude oil emulsion stability

Rheological behaviour of oil and water emulsions and their flow characterization in horizontal pipes

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