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Liposomes have been thoroughly investigated and are utilized for various illnesses for the past few decades starting from its first discovery in 1961. Since then, therapeutic efficiency of liposomes is enhanced by increasing drug absorbance while fast deterioration and adverse effects are avoided or minimized. This will extend the biological halfway life. Liposomes are more attractive for usage as drug delivery carriers with all of these characteristics and versatility to modify their surface to create additional specific functionalities. In various phases of research, there are numerous new liposomal compositions that improve the therapeutic efficiency of new and old medicines used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Current multimodal imaging advances aimed at better diagnosing and monitoring liposome therapies as diagnostic tools. Liposomes are major possibilities for medication delivery improvement. Recent researches show that the liposomes can be taken widely in cancer treatments. The primary properties of these structures include minimal toxicity, cytocompatibility, reduced clearance rates, tissue targeting and sustained drug release. Liposomes offer a variety of benefits as shown by approval of Doxil, as compared to traditional chemotherapy with free medication treatment. There are a multitude of liposomes depending on their size, lamellar number, shape and composition. Diagnostic, therapeutic, improved vaccination are covered by clinical use of these systems. Drug and gene delivery are two therapeutic aspects, where due to their unique characteristics liposomes might be beneficial. Several illnesses have been examined with respect to the participation of liposomes, with some good results. Cancer is a life-threatening disease. These structures have been examined in this respect, both in imaging and in chemotherapy. These investigations have resulted in different liposome compositions in different clinical stages. We take this great opportunity to present various surface functionalization strategies and bio-applications of liposomes developed during the last two decades covering the notable work published from 2011 to 2021 in this review. In addition, we provide opinions on the liposome industry, its commercial market and the prospective developments in the field of liposome technology. It is anticipated that this review will serve as a valuable resource, fostering interest and engagement among scientists worldwide in the field of liposome research.
Liposomes have been thoroughly investigated and are utilized for various illnesses for the past few decades starting from its first discovery in 1961. Since then, therapeutic efficiency of liposomes is enhanced by increasing drug absorbance while fast deterioration and adverse effects are avoided or minimized. This will extend the biological halfway life. Liposomes are more attractive for usage as drug delivery carriers with all of these characteristics and versatility to modify their surface to create additional specific functionalities. In various phases of research, there are numerous new liposomal compositions that improve the therapeutic efficiency of new and old medicines used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Current multimodal imaging advances aimed at better diagnosing and monitoring liposome therapies as diagnostic tools. Liposomes are major possibilities for medication delivery improvement. Recent researches show that the liposomes can be taken widely in cancer treatments. The primary properties of these structures include minimal toxicity, cytocompatibility, reduced clearance rates, tissue targeting and sustained drug release. Liposomes offer a variety of benefits as shown by approval of Doxil, as compared to traditional chemotherapy with free medication treatment. There are a multitude of liposomes depending on their size, lamellar number, shape and composition. Diagnostic, therapeutic, improved vaccination are covered by clinical use of these systems. Drug and gene delivery are two therapeutic aspects, where due to their unique characteristics liposomes might be beneficial. Several illnesses have been examined with respect to the participation of liposomes, with some good results. Cancer is a life-threatening disease. These structures have been examined in this respect, both in imaging and in chemotherapy. These investigations have resulted in different liposome compositions in different clinical stages. We take this great opportunity to present various surface functionalization strategies and bio-applications of liposomes developed during the last two decades covering the notable work published from 2011 to 2021 in this review. In addition, we provide opinions on the liposome industry, its commercial market and the prospective developments in the field of liposome technology. It is anticipated that this review will serve as a valuable resource, fostering interest and engagement among scientists worldwide in the field of liposome research.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health crisis demanding innovative solutions. Traditional antibiotics, though pivotal over the past century in combating bacterial infections, face diminished efficacy against evolving bacterial defense mechanisms, especially in Gram‐negative strains. This study explores self‐assembled ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with the incorporation of two ionizable lipid components (one cationic, one anionic) in nanocarriers for advanced antimicrobial drug delivery of the broad‐spectrum antibiotic Piperacillin (Pip). Incorporating cationic ionizable lipid ALC‐0315, recognized as a functional lipid in the Pfizer‐BioNTech mRNA‐based SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine, into LNPs allowed mesophase transition, pH responsiveness, and ionization behavior in acidic environments found in sites of bacterial infections, to be studied using synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and a 2‐(p‐toluidino)‐6‐naphthalene sulfonic acid assay. Incorporating another anionic ionizable lipid, oleic acid not only modulates the LNPs’ physicochemical properties, such as size, internal phase nanostructure, and surface charge but also synergistically enhances the antimicrobial potency together with ALC‐0315 with a benefit enhancing permeability and fusion with bacterial membranes. This study introduces a strategy for tailoring ionizable lipid compositions in LNPs, providing a new approach to antimicrobial treatment contributing to the fight against AMR.
Numerous infections are linked to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is one of the major medical concerns because of virulence and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic encapsulation in liposomes is a good strategy for controlling infections caused by this microorganism. Evaluation of anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa effect of liposomal form of Imipenem/Cilastatin in vitro condition. By using the disk agar diffusion technique, the isolates’ pattern of antibiotic resistance was identified. The antibiotic was placed into the nanoliposome after it had been made using the thin layer and ethanol injection techniques. SEM and DLS were used to determine the size, shape, and zeta potential of the encapsulated drug form and the empty nanoliposome. Additionally, Imipenem/Cilastatin encapsulation in nanoliposomes was studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. In the microbial assay experiments the MIC, MBC and MBEC of liposomal and free drug forms were determined. The nanoparticles were spherical, with a diameter ranging from 30 to 39 nm, and the EE% in the thin layer and ethanol injection procedures were 97 and 98, respectively. Imipenem/Cilastatin nanoliposomes showed peaks at 3009 cm−1 and 1650 cm−1, demonstrating the thermodynamic stability for the chemical structure of the drug enclosed and validating the encapsulation of antibiotic in the nanoliposomes. When compared to free drug forms, nanoliposomes had lower MIC and MBC values in the majority of the isolates and had a greater ability to eradicate the biofilm formation. It was shown that the two nanoliposome preparation techniques were more efficient in 80% of the isolates, which had outcomes that were consistent with those of numerous other investigations. Overall, we demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of nanoliposomes was higher than that of the free drug form based on the evaluation of their MIC and MBC. Pharmaceutical nanoliposome techniques provide an excellent future perspective on how to manage microbial infections that are resistant to antibiotics. Graphical Abstract
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