Piroxicam reduces acute and chronic pain response in type 1 diabetic rats

Abstract

Objectives Pain associated with various underlying pathologies is a major cause of morbidity and diminished life quality in diabetic patients. Effective control of pain requires the use of analgesics with the best efficacy and with minimal side effects. Therefore, our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on pain in diabetic rats. Methods In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of drugs belonging to three different classes of NSAIDs in a rat model of diabetes. Four diabetic groups received normal saline, diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac, respectively, and four non-diabetic groups received normal saline, diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac. Type 1 diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg bw). Formalin (50 µL of 2.5%) nociception assay was used to examine the effect of treatment with diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac on acute and chronic pain in healthy and diabetic rats. Results Piroxicam showed significant analgesic effects both in the acute phase of pain (5–10 min after injection of formalin into the left hind paw), and in the chronic phase (20–60 min after formalin injection) in healthy as well as diabetic rats. Diclofenac and ketorolac also reduced pain scores in healthy rats. However, these two drugs failed to diminish pain in diabetic rats. Conclusion Our data point for better efficacy of piroxicam in controlling pain in diabetes.

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“…The effectiveness of systemic and local NSAID use and the positive effect of NSAID use in patients with chronic pain was assessed [16][17][18]. Much attention has been paid to the investigation of the development of side effects with the use of NSAIDs [19][20][21][22][23][24]. The main side effects after NSAIDs which have been covered in many studies [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] are gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dyspepsia, dry mouth, peptic ulcers, bleeding, perforated ulcers, anorexia, elevated liver enzymes, pancreatic damage, and hepatic damage) [33][34][35][36][37]; neurological disorders (sleep disorders, anxiety, headache, dizziness, hot flashes, and paresthesia); disorders of the cardiovascular system (increased blood pressure, palpitations, tachycardia, hypotension, and peripheral edema) [38][39][40]; allergic complications (bronchospasm, shortness of breath, skin rash, the Stevens-Johnson and Lyell syndromes, photosensitization, anaphylactic reactions, facial edema, and itching) [41,42]; disorders of the genitourinary system (nephritis or nephrotic syndrome, polyuria, menstrual disorders in women, and disorders of the prostate in men) [39].…”