PISA design model for monopiles for offshore wind turbines: application to a stiff glacial clay till

Abstract

Offshore wind turbines in shallow coastal waters are typically supported on monopile foundations. Although three-dimensional (3D) finite-element methods are available for the design of monopiles in this context, much of the routine design work is currently conducted using simplified one-dimensional (1D) models based on the p–y method. The p–y method was originally developed for the relatively large embedded length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) piles that are typically employed in offshore oil and gas structures. Concerns exist, however, that this analysis approach may not be appropriate for monopiles with the relatively low values of L/D that are typically adopted for offshore wind turbine structures. This paper describes a new 1D design model for monopile foundations; the model is specifically formulated for offshore wind turbine applications, although the general approach could be adopted for other applications. The model draws on the conventional p–y approach, but extends it to include additional components of soil reaction that act on the pile. The 1D model is calibrated using a set of bespoke 3D finite-element analyses of monopile performance, for pile characteristics and loading conditions that span a predefined design space. The calibrated 1D model provides results that match those obtained from the 3D finite-element calibration analysis, but at a fraction of the computational cost. Moreover, within the calibration space, the 1D model is capable of delivering high-fidelity computations of monopile performance that can be used directly for design purposes. This 1D modelling approach is demonstrated for monopiles installed in a stiff, overconsolidated glacial clay till with a typical North Sea strength and stiffness profile. Although the current form of the model has been developed for homogeneous soil and monotonic loading, it forms a basis from which extensions for soil layering and cyclic loading can be developed. The general approach can be applied to other foundation and soil–structure interaction problems, in which bespoke calibration of a simplified model can lead to more efficient design.

Non-dimensional solutions for the stabilising piles in landslides in layered cohesive soils considering non-linear soil–pile interactions

“…Figure 8(a) shows the p profile increasing with soil displacement (y s ) for the case . It is obvious that near the pile rotation points (z=~0.5m and ~6.5m), the developed relative lateral pile-soil displacement appears to be too small to mobilize the ultimate lateral capacity (Byrne et al, 2020). Apart from that, the abnormal result is also observed near the slip surface, which is influenced by local vertical stress reduction due to pile-soil gapping (Kanagasabai et al, 2011).…”

“…The main drawback of such an approach lies in the significant dependency on the model geometry and material properties, which usually demands large amount of modelling effort for design optimization. The proposed approach, like other accepted macroscopic methods (Byrne et al, 2020;Z. Li et al, 2016;Page et al, 2018;Salciarini and Tamagnini, 2009), overcomes the above drawback and is also able to deliver results with comparative accuracy by providing well-calibrated parameters using representative testing and simulation data.…”

A Winkler model for suction caisson foundations in homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear elastic soil

“…An enhanced form of the p-y method-known as the 'PISA design model' (Byrne et al, 2019) has recently been developed for the design of monopiles with embedment ratios, / , in the range 2 ≤ / ≤ 6 (where is embedded length and is foundation diameter). Consistent with the Gerolymos & Gazetas (2006a,b), Tsigginos et al (2008) and Varun et al (2009) models, the PISA design model employs four separate soil reaction components, although the model is further enhanced to incorporate nonlinear soil behaviour.…”

3D FE-Informed Laboratory Soil Testing for the Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles

“…The recently proposed PISA (PIle Soil Analysis) design methodology (i.e., [2,3]) and its immediate uptake by the geotechnical offshore industry is the most obvious example of the design optimisation process within the geotechnical offshore discipline. The PISA design methodology emphasises the importance of using advanced 3D finite element (FE) procedures to derive accurate soil reaction curves.…”