Pituitary-adrenal responses to standard and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in adult survivors of child abuse

Newport, D. Jeffrey; Heim, Christine; Bonsall, Robert W.; Miller, Andrew H.; Nemeroff, Charles B.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00692-9

Cited by 162 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…These women show enhanced sensitivity to dexamethasone 28 and lower cortisol than their matched control women. 29 Although this study by Heim et al 29 did show an exaggerated response to a stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), we observed the same exaggerated response to the same stressor in patients with depression plus a comorbid anxiety disorder, 30 raising the possibility that it was comorbid anxiety, rather than childhood abuse, that accounted for the differences between groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression

2009

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Although few studies dispute that there are gender differences in depression, the etiology is still unknown. In this review, we cover a number of proposed factors and the evidences for and against these factors that may account for gender differences in depression. These include the possible role of estrogens at puberty, differences in exposure to childhood trauma, differences in stress perception between men and women and the biological differences in stress response. None of these factors seem to explain gender differences in depression. Finally, we do know that when depressed, women show greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation than men and that menopause with loss of estrogens show the greatest HPA axis dysregulation. It may be the constantly changing steroid milieu that contributes to these phenomena and vulnerability to depression.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression

2009

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“…[5][6][7] Chronic stress and PTSD are generally thought to cause long-term alterations in the HPA axis regulation. [8][9][10][11] Over the last decade many studies have reported on the activity of the HPA axis in PTSD, but these studies did not always report consistent findings. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Preclinical research has shown that the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system closely interact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

et al. 2007

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). In addition, there is evidence for altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The aim of the present study was to differentiate between the effect of trauma exposure and PTSD on leukocyte GR expression and glucocorticoid immune regulation. Leukocyte GR binding characteristics and glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune activity, determined as the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on in vitro cytokine release and T-cell proliferation, were compared between veterans with PTSD, traumatized veterans without PTSD and healthy controls. Leukocyte GR density was significantly lower in veterans with and without PTSD compared to healthy controls. DEX-induced inhibition of T-cell proliferation was significantly lower in PTSD compared to trauma and healthy controls. DEX-induced increase in lipopolysaccharidestimulated interleukin-10 was less pronounced in traumatized veterans with and without PTSD compared to healthy controls. No group differences were observed in the effect of DEX on other cytokines or in baseline immune activity, except for lower tumor necrosis factor-a production in PTSD patients compared to healthy controls. The results suggest that trauma exposure is sufficient to induce changes in GR binding characteristics, whereas resistance of T-cell proliferation to DEX only occurs in PTSD. DEX resistance of in vitro immune activity was not a general phenomenon, but was restricted to specific immune functions.

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“…Confounders, such as depression, which is a frequently observed comorbidity, may account for some of the reported differences. 32 It is of mention the lack of depressive symptoms investigation was a handicap, but it was beyond the scope of the present study. "Roots of Early Obesity" 19 project explored depressive symptomatology and other comorbidities in a larger sample and this data will be submitted for publication subsequently.…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…31 While there is general agreement around this broad principle, the putative mechanisms of how dysregulation of the HPA axis might mediate the link between stress and psychopathology and the precise nature of any interaction remains less clear. 32 It is possible that diminished cortisol responsiveness may emerge if early chronic stress leads to an initial hyper-activation of the HPA system which then progresses over time to a state of hyporeactivity, as a form of adaptation following sustained exposure to ACTH.…”

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confidence: 99%

Attachment Strategies and Neuroendocrine Biomarkers in Obese Children

Pinto¹,

Wilkinson

Virella

et al. 2016

Acta Med Port

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RESUMOIntrodução: A qualidade da relação pais-filho influencia o desenvolvimento do sistema fisiológico de regulação do stress da criança. Exploraram-se eventuais associações entre estratégias de vinculação e o cortisol e a hormona estimulante da tiróide, respectivamente como possíveis mediador e variável interveniente na relação mãe-filho, na criança obesa. Material e Métodos: Foi recrutada na Consulta de Obesidade uma amostra de conveniência de 83 crianças obesas com 10,9 (1,8) anos de idade (46 rapazes). A obesidade foi definida pelo percentil do índice de massa corporal para idade e género e os biomarcadores neuroendócrinos foram medidos pelos métodos de rotina. As estratégias de vinculação foram avaliadas através dos questionários (IACA) para pais e crianças. O funcionamento familiar foi classificado através do preenchimento pelos pais do FACES-III. Foram analisados modelos multivariáveis de regressão linear. Resultados: As estratégias de vinculação insegura do tipo evitante (tipo A) apresentaram uma associação significativa positiva com os níveis de hormona estimulante da tiróide e negativa com os níveis de cortisol (R 2 = 0,352). As estratégias de vinculação segura (tipo B) associaram-se positivamente ao hipotiroidismo e ao percentil de índice de massa corporal, ambas com significado estatístico (R 2 = 0,541). As estratégias de vinculação insegura apresentaram alguma evidência de associação positiva com a hormona estimulante da tiróide (R2 = 0,250). Discussão: Estes achados sugerem a existência de factores comuns na regulação dos eixos hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e hipotála-mo-hipófise-tiróide. Os processos envolvidos no desenvolvimento das estratégias de vinculação do tipo A parecem associar-se aos mecanismos regulatórios do eixo HPA. Conclusão: Diferentes estratégias de vinculação estão associadas a diferentes padrões metabólicos em crianças obesas. Desconhece-se qual a sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento e diferenciação da abordagem terapêutica. Palavras-chave: Apego ao Objecto; Criança; Obesidade Pediátrica; Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário; Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal; Stress Psicológico; Tireotropina. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Quality of the parent-infant relationship influences the mechanisms of development of the child's physiological stress regulation. This study explored associations between attachment strategies and both cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone, hypothesized to be respectively a potential mediator and a potential intervening variable of the mother-child relationship in obese children. Material and Methods:A sample of 83 obese children (46 boys), aged 10.9 (1.8) years was recruited from a child obesity clinic. Obesity was defined by body mass index percentile adjusted for age and sex. Metabolic biomarkers were measured by routine methods. Attachment strategies were assessed with self and parent-report questionnaires. Family functioning was assessed with parent-reported questionnaires (FACES-III). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Type A, avoidant at...

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Pituitary-adrenal responses to standard and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in adult survivors of child abuse

Cited by 162 publications

References 76 publications

Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression

Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression

Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

Attachment Strategies and Neuroendocrine Biomarkers in Obese Children

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