PIXE data analysis by two‐dimensional correlation mapping techniques: Analysis of chloride and sulfate ions attack in homemade mortar samples

Abstract

Chloride and sulfate ions ingress behaviors in concrete are more complex and complicated processes than can be described by Fick's law of diffusion.A new approach based on two-dimensional correlation mapping (2D-CM) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectra was successfully applied to describe their transportation process. The use of hybrid 2D correlation enabled a fast comparison of ions ingress, whereas multiple perturbation correlation spectroscopy enabled the study of compositional factor affecting the ingress process. It was shown that by rearranging the same data in different ways, different techniques of 2D-CM could be applied and new information could be derived. The 2D-CM findings were in line with the classical PIXE analysis and consistent with the underlying physics of the experiments, which suggested that it will be a powerful and fast data analysis tool for PIXE spectra.

RBSandPIXEdata analysis by two dimensional correlation mapping techniques: On the effects of ion irradiation and sulfonation on poly(ether ether ketone) membranes

“…Thus, a hybrid 2D correlation map would be useful to explore the similarity and/or difference between two sets of ion irradiated PEEK samples. [ 2,21,47 ]…”

“…Two dimensional correlation mapping (2D‐CM), proposed first by Noda, [ 1 ] has been recently introduced successfully to the field of ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques. [ 2 ] In particular, the analysis and interpretation of 2D‐CM particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy, considering the study case of ingress behaviors of chloride and sulfate ions in laboratory‐prepared mortar samples, have been established. Different techniques of 2D‐CM have been applied considering different rearrangement of the same PIXE data.…”

“…Thus, extra valuable information, besides the 1D results obtained by classical analysis of the PIXE data, has been efficiently extracted in relation to the effects of predetermined perturbations on the material properties of the studied system. [ 2 ] Although 2D‐CM does not provide either kinetic treatments or direct quantitative analysis, but it is well‐known useful and straightforward tool to help in the design and making decision processes. [ 3,4 ]…”

“…In the present work, RBS and PIXE spectra of both ion irradiated and sulfonated PEEK (SPEEK) membranes were acquired and the data was analyzed by the recently developed two‐dimensional correlation mapping (2D‐CM). Although applications of this type of analysis on X‐ray based data are quite few, [ 2,15–18 ] 2D‐CM has been shown to enhance spectral resolution, help in the assignment of complicated events and enable the determination of the sequence of spectral peaks emergence. [ 19–22 ] Another attempt of the present work was to extend the concept of hetero‐spectral correlation, which provides rich insight and clarification to the in‐depth study of vibrational spectra, [ 19 ] to cover other non‐vibrational spectra, namely PIXE and RBS.…”

“…The basics and principles of 2D‐CM, and 2D‐CM‐PIXE have already been thoroughly explained elsewhere. [ 2 ] Therefore, only very brief descriptions of 2D‐CM‐RBS and 2D hetero‐spectral‐RBS‐PIXE correlation analyses are provided here.…”