PIXE microanalysis of trace elements of the normoxic, ischemic and reperfused rat heart

Determination of the elemental composition of tissues of the cardiovascular system by atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry and X-ray spectrometry methods

“…Later, develop ment of such methods as ICP MS, electron probe microanalysis, SXRF and PIXE has led to the appear ance of the data concerning the investigation of the elemental composition and distribution of elements by different heart compartments, heart and aorta valves, vessels [35,49,88] and the investigation of intracellu lar elemental composition and distribution of ele ments in myocardium [31,138,143,148,152].…”

“…It is by 2-3 orders lower than the detection limits in X ray microanalysis. However, PIXE has poorer space resolution as compared to X ray microanalysis [31,118].…”

“…PIXE (the proton beam size was 3 × 3 µm 2 , the area was 50 × 50 µm 2 ) was used for the study of the distribu tion of Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, and Fe (the 10-15 mm thick tissue layers were obtained using cryomicro tome) in myocardium of rat heart with normal blood stream and ischemia [31]. Also the intracellular con centration of Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca were deter mined in the myocardium of guinea pig by X ray microanalysis [138].…”

“…For the investigation of the biological samples, including myocardium tissue, frequently used meth ods are X ray microanalysis [138][139][140][141][142][143][144] and PIXE [31,118,[145][146][147][148][149] which provide information on the dis tribution of chemical elements in the tissues and in the cell either. For example, in [143] X ray microanalysis provided the determination of intracellular concentra tion of Mg 2+ ion in the cells of aorta smooth muscles and in the cells of striated heart muscles in rats suffer ing from hypertension.…”

“…As a result of some pathophysiological states, such ischemic heart disease, cell homeostasis, is abruptly disturbed leading to weakening of the corre sponding physiological functions and, finally, to the cell death. Therefore, changes in the concentrations of Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ , and Cl -ions at the cell level in healthy and pathological myocardium can be consid ered as an indicator of the degree of heart damage [14,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. The data found in the literature evidence that the role of these chemical elements of heart activ ity was under investigation as early as in the 1930s [38].…”