Place Matters: Variation in the Black/White Very Preterm Birth Rate across U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2002–2004

Kramer, Michael R.; Hogue, Carol R.

doi:10.1177/003335490812300507

Cited by 82 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…These results are consistent with numerous other studies demonstrating profound and persistent health disparities in the US. 18,19,21,28,29 The identification of spatial autocorrelation in regression models is in itself informative and supports our primary hypothesis that hypertension prevalence rates among Black and White Medicaid participants are not uniform across geographic space. Moreover, hotspot mapping indicated significant spatial heterogeneity in hypertension prevalence across the state.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Small-area Variation in Hypertension Prevalence among Black and White Medicaid Enrollees

et al. 2016

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Objectives: To examine within-state geographic heterogeneity in hypertension prevalence and evaluate associations between hypertension prevalence and smallarea contextual characteristics for Black and White South Carolina Medicaid enrollees in urban vs rural areas. Design: EcologicalSetting: South Carolina, United States. Main Outcome Measure: Hypertension prevalenceMethods: Data representing adult South Carolina Medicaid recipients enrolled in fiscal year 2013 (N=409,907) and ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level contextual measures (racial segregation, rurality, poverty, educational attainment, unemployment and primary care physician adequacy) were linked in a spatially referenced database. Optimized Getis-Ord hotspot mapping was used to visualize geographic clustering of hypertension prevalence. Spatial regression was performed to examine the association between hypertension prevalence and small-area contextual indicators.Results: Significant (alpha=.05) hotspot spatial clustering patterns were similar for Blacks and Whites. Black isolation was significantly associated with hypertension among Blacks and Whites in both urban (Black, b=1.34, P<.01; White, b=.66, P<.01) and rural settings (Black, b=.71, P=.02; White, b=.70, P<.01). Primary care physician adequacy was associated with hypertension among urban Blacks (b=-2.14, P<.01) and Whites (b=-1.74, P<.01). Conclusions:The significant geographic overlap of hypertension prevalence hotspots for Black and White Medicaid enrollees provides an opportunity for targeted health intervention. Provider adequacy findings suggest the value of ACA network adequacy standards for Medicaid managed care plans in ensuring health care accessibility for persons with hypertension and related chronic conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Residential segregation was operationalized using the Black isolation index, which has been used in prior studies examining health. [18][19][20][21] The Black isolation index is represented as:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-area Variation in Hypertension Prevalence among Black and White Medicaid Enrollees

et al. 2016

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“…Kramer and Hogue 13 explored the relationships among geographic location, race/ethnicity, and very preterm birth (<32 weeks’ gestation). They looked at the distribution of very preterm births across metropolitan statistical areas for non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic women.…”

Section: Preterm Birth Infant Death and Placementioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic variation of reproductive health indicators and outcomes in the United States: place matters

Callaghan

2014

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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The social determinants of health are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age and the systems put in place to deal with illness. These circumstances, in turn, are shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics. Reproductive health indicators and conditions that are germane to obstetricians and gynecologists vary across states and regions in the United States as well as within regions and states. The aim of this article is to illustrate this variation with the use of examples of gynecologic malignancies, sexually transmitted infections, teen birth rates, preterm birth rates, and infant mortality rates. Using the example of infant death, the difficulties in “unpacking” the construct of place will be discussed, and a special emphasis is placed on the interaction of race, place, and disparities in shaping perinatal outcomes. Finally, readily available and easy-to-use online data resources will be provided so that obstetricians and gynecologists will be able to assess geographic variation in health indicators and outcomes in their own localities.

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“…In Québec, where 96% of Haitians in Canada are found [4], there has been an effort to document cardiovascular and infectious disease risk factors [29,30]. A larger body of evidence has documented perinatal health inequalities for US ethnic groups especially Blacks and Hispanics [31][32][33][34][35], but also for other minorities including Arabs and native populations [36,37]. Findings tend to vary across ethnic groups, with US Blacks having the poorest outcomes [32] and Arabs relatively favourable outcomes relative to non-Hispanic Whites [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rising Disparities in Severe Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Haitians in Québec, Canada, 1981–2006

Auger

Chery

Daniel

2011

J Immigrant Minority Health

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Perinatal health data for Haitians are scant. We evaluated adverse birth outcomes for Haitians in Québec, Canada. We analyzed 2,124,909 live births from 1981 to 2006. Haitian ethnicity was assessed using maternal birth country (Haiti, other Caribbean country, other foreign country, Canada) and home language (Creole, French/English but Creole mother tongue, French/English, other). Associations between ethnicity and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth were calculated. Adverse birth outcomes were more common among mothers with Haitian ethnicity. Relative to Canadian-born mothers, odds for Haitian-born mothers were 4 times greater for extreme PTB (≤27 weeks), twice greater for very PTB (28-31 weeks), and 25% higher for moderate PTB (32-36 weeks). Patterns were similar for SGA birth and severe cases of LBW. Despite overall decreases LBW and SGA birth, relative and absolute inequalities increased over time. Perinatal health inequalities are increasing for Haitian-born mothers.

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Place Matters: Variation in the Black/White Very Preterm Birth Rate across U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2002–2004

Cited by 82 publications

References 40 publications

Small-area Variation in Hypertension Prevalence among Black and White Medicaid Enrollees

Small-area Variation in Hypertension Prevalence among Black and White Medicaid Enrollees

Geographic variation of reproductive health indicators and outcomes in the United States: place matters

Rising Disparities in Severe Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Haitians in Québec, Canada, 1981–2006

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