Placental disposition of cannabidiol: An ex vivo perfusion study

Abstract

ObjectiveIn the absence of safety data in humans, the use of cannabidiol (CBD) is not recommended during pregnancy. Yet >50% of pregnancies in women with epilepsy are unintended, making fetal exposure to CBD possible. As a small‐molecule, highly lipid‐soluble drug, CBD is likely to distribute into the placenta and cross it. To estimate the placental distribution profile of CBD and its potential short‐term placental effects, we conducted an ex vivo perfusion study in human placentas.MethodsPlacentas were obtained from healthy women undergoing cesarean deliveries. Selected cotyledons were cannulated and perfused for 180 min with a CBD‐containing medium (250 ng/mL, 0.796 μmol/L; representative of a low therapeutic concentration; n=8). CBD concentrations were determined at 180 min in the medium and placental tissues using LC‐MS/MS analysis. A customized gene panel array was used to analyze the expression of selected genes in the perfused placental cotyledons as well as in placentas perfused with 1000 ng/mL CBD (3.18 μmol/L; high therapeutic concentration; n=8) and in those exposed to the vehicle.ResultsCBD sequestered in the placental tissue, exhibiting significant variability across samples (median 5,342 ng/g tissue; range 1,066‐9,351 ng/g tissue). CBD concentrations in the fetal compartment were one‐fifth of those measured in the maternal compartment (median 59 ng/mL; range 48‐72 ng/mL, vs. 280 ng/mL, range 159‐388 ng/mL, respectively; p<0.01). Placental gene expression was not significantly altered by CBD.SignificanceThe placenta acts as a depot compartment for CBD, slowing‐down its distribution to the fetus. This phenomenon might yield flatter but prolonged fetal CBD levels in vivo. The attenuated transplacental CBD transfer does not imply that its use by pregnant women is safe for the fetus. Only pregnancy registries and neurocognitive assessments would establish the risk of being antenatally exposed to CBD.

Cannabis exposure during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: A cohort study

“…In vivo studies have demonstrated a THC fetal/maternal steady-state plasma concentration ratio below one third, 22 and about one fifth for Cannabidiol (CBD). 23 Two cannabinoid receptors have been described: CB 1 and CB 2 . 24 Endogenous cannabinoids, similarly to exogenous THC, lead to a decreased vascular tone, increased blood pressure and increased vascular blood flow.…”