Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar

Chanteau, Suzanne; Ratsifasoamanana, L; Rasoamanana, B.; Rahalison, Lila; Randriambelosoa, J; Roux, J; Rabeson, D.

doi:10.3201/eid0401.980114

Cited by 93 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In Madagascar, the number of human cases increased at the end of the 1980's [9]. This coincided with major political unrest in the country and a disastrous economic situation, resulting in an impoverishment of the population, a disorganization of public services in general and health services in particular (suspension of preventive insect control campaigns, reduction of the means of surveillance).…”

Section: Socio-economic Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plague reemerged at the end of the 1970's [9,52], characterized by the following: a global increase in the number of human cases, the spreading of active foci, the reemergence of foci that were extinguished decades ago. This led us to question previous the characteristics of plague in Madagascar, described by Brygoo [6,7], as we will see in the following examples.…”

Section: Madagascar Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

et al. 2005

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-Re-emergence of human cases of plague after decades of silence does not necessarily mean that plague foci are re-emerging. Most often, Yersinia pestis bacteria have been maintained and circulating at low levels in the rodent populations. It seems therefore more appropriate to speak in terms of expansion or regression phases for sylvatic rodent plague foci and to reserve the term reemergence for human cases. From the analysis of well-documented human plague cases in Madagascar, we underline the causes of re-emergence that can be generalized to most world foci, and can help define environments at risk where the threat of new emergence lurks. In all recent plague outbreaks, usually more than one risk factor was at the origin of the re-emergence. The reduction or discontinuance of surveillance and control, as well as poverty and insalubrity are the main factors in the re-emergence of human cases, allowing increased contacts with infected rodents and fleas. Environment changes (i.e. climatic changes, deforestation, urbanization) induce changes in flea and rodent populations by (i) extension of rodent habitats (for example by replacing forests by steppes or farmlands); (ii) modifications in population dynamics (possible outbreaks due to an increase of available food resources); but also, (iii) emergence of new vectors, reservoirs and new Y. pestis genotypes. Numerous and spontaneous genomic rearrangements occur at high frequencies in Y. pestis, which may confer selective advantages, enhancing the ability of Y. pestis to survive, to be transmitted to new hosts, and to colonize new environments. Therefore, any environmental change should be taken as a warning signal and active surveillance programs should be initiated.

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Section: Socio-economic Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Madagascar Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

et al. 2005

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“…[1][2][3][4] Rodents (Mus spp., Rattus spp. ), cats (Felis catus), and dogs (Canis familiaris) are the most common introduced mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Burdens of Neglected Tropical Zoonotic Diseases on Islands with Introduced Mammals

Wit

Croll

Tershy

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Many neglected tropical zoonotic pathogens are maintained by introduced mammals, and on islands the most common introduced species are rodents, cats, and dogs. Management of introduced mammals, including control or eradication of feral populations, which is frequently done for ecological restoration, could also reduce or eliminate the pathogens these animals carry. Understanding the burden of these zoonotic diseases is crucial for quantifying the potential public health benefits of introduced mammal management. However, epidemiological data are only available from a small subset of islands where these introduced mammals co-occur with people. We examined socioeconomic and climatic variables as predictors for disease burdens of angiostrongyliasis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, and rabies from 57 islands or island countries. We found strong correlates of disease burden for leptospirosis, Toxoplasma gondii infection, angiostrongyliasis, and toxocariasis with more than 50% of the variance explained, and an average of 57% (range = 32-95%) predictive accuracy on out-of-sample data. We used these relationships to provide estimates of leptospirosis incidence and T. gondii seroprevalence infection on islands where nonnative rodents and cats are present. These predicted estimates of disease burden could be used in an initial assessment of whether the costs of managing introduced mammal reservoirs might be less than the costs of perpetual treatment of these diseases on islands.

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“…Jakkolwiek szczury są istotnym rezerwuarem Y. pestis wywołującej infekcję człowieka, to niejednokrotnie zakażanie spowodowane tym patogenem również powoduje ich śmierć (9,14,71,74). W związku z powyższym gryzonie nie przyczyniają się znacząco do utrzymywania się Y. pestsis w środowisku (71).…”

Section: Artykuł Przeglądowy Reviewunclassified

Free-living animals as a source of zoonotic microorganisms

Żmudzki¹

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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SummaryFree-living animals mainly representing Chioptera (particularly bats), Rodentia, Aves and Carnivora are a source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for significant worldwide human morbidity and mortality. The role of bats and rodents as the primary hosts of zoonotic microorganisms has been extensively characterized. The next important group represented by Paramyxoviridae, followed by Filoviridae (Marburg and Ebola viruses), as well as SARS coronavirus have been also reviewed. Avian influenza viruses are precursors of human influenza A viruses. They might be transmitted directly from free-ranging birds and poultry to humans. The importance of vectors in pathogen transmission from free-living animals to humans has been presented.

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Plague, a Reemerging Disease in Madagascar

Cited by 93 publications

References 5 publications

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

Estimating Burdens of Neglected Tropical Zoonotic Diseases on Islands with Introduced Mammals

Free-living animals as a source of zoonotic microorganisms

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