Planar Polarity in the Ciliated Epidermis of Xenopus Embryos

König, Gerd; Hausen, Peter

doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1312

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…To directly monitor the fluid flow, we added fluorescent beads to the culture media and monitored the bead movement. While beads moved fast in a cranio-caudal direction in control embryos as previously reported 20 , beads hardly moved in ERK7 morphants (Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Movies 3 and 4).…”

Section: Expression Patterns Of Erk7 During Xenopus Developmentsupporting

confidence: 85%

ERK7 regulates ciliogenesis by phosphorylating the actin regulator CapZIP in cooperation with Dishevelled

et al. 2015

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Cilia are essential for embryogenesis and maintenance of homeostasis, but little is known about the signalling pathways that regulate ciliogenesis. Here, we identify ERK7, an atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase, as a key regulator of ciliogenesis. ERK7 is strongly expressed in ciliated tissues of Xenopus embryos. ERK7 knockdown markedly diminishes both the number and the length of cilia in multiciliated cells, and it inhibits the apical migration of basal bodies. Moreover, ERK7 knockdown results in a loss of the apical actin meshwork, which is required for the proper migration of basal bodies. We find that the actin regulator CapZIP, which has been shown to regulate ciliogenesis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, is an ERK7 substrate, and that Dishevelled, which has also been shown to regulate ciliogenesis, facilitates ERK7 phosphorylation of CapZIP through binding to both ERK7 and CapZIP. Collectively, these results identify an ERK7/Dishevelled/CapZIP axis that regulates ciliogenesis.

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Section: Expression Patterns Of Erk7 During Xenopus Developmentsupporting

confidence: 85%

ERK7 regulates ciliogenesis by phosphorylating the actin regulator CapZIP in cooperation with Dishevelled

et al. 2015

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“…Ciliated cells originate from the inner sensorial layer of the bilayered epidermis and become visible on the surface of the embryos early in development (Ϸ18 h after fertilization), disappearing during metamorphosis (27). The function of ciliated cells is enigmatic but it has been proposed that by beating in the same direction they could generate directed fluid flow in the intravitelline medium (28). The expression of TRPN1 in these cilia is reminiscent of the expression of another TRP channel, TRPP2 (also known as polycystin-2 or PKD2), in primary cilia of kidney cells (29,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenopus TRPN1 (NOMPC) localizes to microtubule-based cilia in epithelial cells, including inner-ear hair cells

Shin

Adams

Paukert

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In vertebrates, the senses of hearing and balance depend on hair cells, which transduce sounds with their hair bundles, containing actin-based stereocilia and microtubule-based kinocilia. A longstanding question in auditory science is the identity of the mechanically sensitive transduction channel of hair cells, thought to be localized at the tips of their stereocilia. Experiments in zebrafish implicated the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel NOMPC (drTRPN1) in this role; TRPN1 is absent from the genomes of higher vertebrates, however, and has not been localized in hair cells. Another candidate for the transduction channel, TRPA1, apparently is required for transduction in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. This discrepancy raises the question of the relative contribution of TRPN1 and TRPA1 to transduction in nonmammalian vertebrates. To address this question, we cloned the TRPN1 ortholog from the amphibian Xenopus laevis, generated an antibody against the protein, and determined the protein's cellular and subcellular localization. We found that TRPN1 is prominently located in lateral-line hair cells, auditory hair cells, and ciliated epidermal cells of developing Xenopus embryos. In ciliated epidermal cells TRPN1 staining was enriched at the tips and bases of the cilia. In saccular hair cells, TRPN1 was located prominently in the kinocilial bulb, a component of the mechanosensory hair bundles. Moreover, we observed redistribution of TRPN1 upon treatment of hair cells with calcium chelators, which disrupts the transduction apparatus. This result suggests that although TRPN1 is unlikely to be the transduction channel of stereocilia, it plays an essential role, functionally related to transduction, in the kinocilium.ciliary ͉ mechanosensory ͉ transduction ͉ transient receptor potential channel T he senses of hearing and balance depend on the operation of hair cells in the inner ear and, in aquatic vertebrates, the lateral line (for review see ref. 1). Hair cells bear microscopically fine projections, the stereocilia, on their apical surfaces; these stereocilia contain actin filaments and are grouped in hair bundles. Individual stereocilia within a bundle are connected by different types of links, most notably the tip links, which interconnect the tips of the stereocilia. Most hair cells, with the exception of those from the hearing organs of mammals and birds, contain on their apical surface in addition to the stereocilia one kinocilium, which is coupled to the hair bundle by kinocilial links. The kinocilium is a true cilium containing a (9 ϩ 2) arrangement of microtubules, similar to motile cilia. The displacement of the hair bundle by mechanical forces increases tension in the tip links, opening the mechanotransduction channels and depolarizing the hair cell. In frog hair cells, the mechanical forces are delivered through the kinocilium to the stereocilia (2).The transduction channels of vertebrate hair cells are nonselective cation channels with a high permeability to Ca 2ϩ (3-5). They are blocked ...

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“…These ciliated cells are born in the inner epithelial layer and then migrate up to intercalate with unciliated cells in the outer layer (Drysdale and Elinson, 1992). Explant and transplant studies suggest that the outer epithelium is polarised first and passes this information to the ciliated cells as they arrive (Konig and Hausen, 1993;Mitchell et al, 2009). Planar polarity proteins seem to mediate this process: inhibition of a dsh orthologue or of Vangl2 prevents alignment of both the basal bodies within the cell and of the cell relative to its neighbours ( Fig.…”

Section: Mixed Arrays Of Polarised and Unpolarised Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles of planar polarity in animal development

2011

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SummaryPlanar polarity describes the coordinated polarisation of cells or structures in the plane of a tissue. The patterning mechanisms that underlie planar polarity are well characterised in Drosophila, where many events are regulated by two pathways: the 'core' planar polarity complex and the Fat/Dachsous system. Components of both pathways also function in vertebrates and are implicated in diverse morphogenetic processes, some of which self-evidently involve planar polarisation and some of which do not. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of planar polarisation in diverse contexts, seeking to identify the common principles across the animal kingdom.

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Planar Polarity in the Ciliated Epidermis of Xenopus Embryos

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

ERK7 regulates ciliogenesis by phosphorylating the actin regulator CapZIP in cooperation with Dishevelled

ERK7 regulates ciliogenesis by phosphorylating the actin regulator CapZIP in cooperation with Dishevelled

Xenopus TRPN1 (NOMPC) localizes to microtubule-based cilia in epithelial cells, including inner-ear hair cells

Principles of planar polarity in animal development

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