Planetary protection challenges in space exploration missions and ways of their resolution with account of Russian exobiology experiments

Орлов, О. И.; Novikova, Natalia; Polikarpov, N.; Levinskikh, Margarita; Deshevaya, Elena; Sugimoto, Mineharu; Alekseev, Victor R.; Okuda, Takashi; Gusev, Oleg; Sychev, Vladimir

doi:10.1016/j.reach.2017.07.001

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The results obtained at resting stages of other aquatic organisms, such as brine shrimp, streptocephalus and ostracods, generally did not contradict the results established for Daphnia magna and, in many cases, supported them [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 47%

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Effect of Space Flight Factor on Dormant Stages in Aquatic Organisms: A Review of International Space Station and Terrestrial Experiments

Alekseev

Hwang

Levinskikh

2021

Life

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This work is a review of the experiments carried out in the Russian segment of the ISS (inside and outside) from 2005 to 2016 on the effect of the space flight factor on the resting stages of organisms. In outer space, ultraviolet, a wide range of high and low temperatures, cosmic radiation, altered gravity, modified electromagnetic field, vacuum, factors of technical origin, ultrasound, microwave radiation, etc. and their combination determine the damaging effect on living organisms. At the same time, biological dormancy, known in a wide range of bacteria, fungi, animals and plants, allows them to maintain the viability of their dormant stages in extreme conditions for a long time, which possibly allows them to survive during space flight. From 2005 to 2016, the resting stages (propagules) of micro- and multicellular organisms were tested on the ISS to assess their ability to survive after prolonged exposure to the conditions of open space and space flight. Among the more than 40 species studied, about a third were dormant stages of aquatic organisms (eggs of cyprinodont fish, daphnia embryos, resting eggs of fairy shrimps, tadpole shrimps, copepods and ostracods, diapausing larvae of dipterans, as well as resting cysts of algae). The experiments were carried out within the framework of four research programs: (1) inside the ISS with a limited set of investigated species (Akvarium program); (2) outside the station in outer space without exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Biorisk program); (3) under modified space conditions simulating the surface of Mars (Expose program); and (4) in an Earth-based laboratory where single-factor experiments were carried out with neutron radiation, modified magnetic field, microwave radiation and ultrasound. Fundamentally new data were obtained on the stability of the resting stages of aquatic organisms exposed to the factors of the space environment, which modified the idea of the possibility of bringing Earth life forms to other planets with spacecraft and astronauts. It also can be used for creating an extraterrestrial artificial ecosystem and searching for extraterrestrial life.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 47%

“…Along with a set of biological objects prepared by ESA, Expose-R contained a Russian block with seeds of higher plants and dormant stages of several aquatic invertebrate species that survived in the Biorisk space experiments [19,20], including Daphnia magna.…”

Section: Experiments Outside Of the Spacecraft In Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Space Flight Factor on Dormant Stages in Aquatic Organisms: A Review of International Space Station and Terrestrial Experiments

Alekseev

Hwang

Levinskikh

2021

Life

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“…It is thus noteworthy that some of the cyanobacteria, fungi, and worm-like and cocoon-like structures presented in this paper bear a resemblance to putative fossilized specimens discovered in meteorites as discussed by Wainwright and Wickramasinghe [24]. It has also been reported that cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, seeds, worms, insecta, crustaceans, and their eggs survive long term exposure to space outside the ISS, and in Mars-like environments, and could survive interplanetary transfer to Mars [15,26,[31][32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Numerous cocoon-eggs photographed on Sol 1032 are also embedded in substrate that appears to consist entirely of a coral-microbialite-like mass of coiled and worm-like forms (Figures 3,8,11,13,28,(30)(31)(32) whereas smooth and segmented tubular specimens have been photographed in this and other Gale Crater locations on Sols 130, 132, 302, 551, 553, 808, 809, 868, 906, 1280, 1921, as reported here and in other reports [1][2][3][4][5]; including specimens that appear to have multiple appendages and resemble insecta (Arthropoda) [6][7] whereas others are similar to ovoid-shaped lichenizedfungi topped with a single hole and which may be sporing. Moreover, some of the specimens resemble dead or fossilized puffballs with stems attached.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) Its been reported that insect larvae and eggs from marine organisms develop and reproduce normally after 7 to 13 months exposure to space outside the ISS and could survive on Mars [31]. It is also well established that over 40 species including bacteria, fungi, lichens, algae, plants, insects, crustaceans, and marine organisms, including daphnia embryos, diapausing larvae of dipterans, and eggs of cyprinodont fish, of fairy shrimps, tadpole shrimps, copepods and ostracods, can also survive outside the ISS and in Mars-like environments despite long term exposure to gamma, microwave and ultraviolet radiation and a wide range of high and low temperatures [32].…”

Section: Why Specimens Are Similar To Those From Earth? Extraterrestr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cocoons, Fungi, Nematodes, Rhizoids, Annelids, Eggs, Arthropoda in Gale Crater, Mars?

Joseph¹,

Wickramasinghe²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2023

Appl Cell Biol

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White and dark gray oblong-ovoid cocoon-egg-like forms (“cocoon-eggs”), less than a mm in diameter, many with a single hole in one end, and some with unidentifiable specimens protruding from (exiting or entering) these holes, were photographed on mudstone in Gale Crater, Mars, on Sol 1302. If biological some of these cocoon-eggs may be frozen, fossilized or have already “hatched” or undergone metamorphosis. Specimens resembling segmented and tubular worms and rhizoids and those with multiple appendages (Arthropoda) were also photographed on these and other substrates on Mars, including on Sols 130, 132, 302, 551, 553, 808, 809, 868, 906, 1280, 1921, in Gale Crater. Many Sol 1302 “cocoon-eggs” are embedded in substrate that appears to consist entirely of a coral-stromatolite-like mass of worm- and larvae-like forms; and similar worm and segmented larvae forms appear in the interior of three semi-transparent ovoid structures. Embedded in the soil surrounding these “cocoon-eggs” are numerous concave patches reminiscent of dried “egg-yolk,” cocoon remnants or fungus, and that may represent the final stage of “cocoon” collapse and disintegration; or they are fungal in origin. Some of the segmented and tubular worm-like forms may include rhizoids and tubular fungi. Ovoids with open apertures may be evidence of fungal sporing. The possibility that fungus and diverse species and their “cocoons” share the same substrate is supported by what appears to be cyanobacteria, worms, insecta (arthropoda), and stalks topped by ovoids or ovoid-shaped microbialite-like sediment. Fungi, lichens, cyanobacteria, stromatolites and arthropoda have been previously reported in other areas of Gale Crater, whereas fungal “puffballs” and specimens attached to rocks with stalks and topped with mushroom-like caps have been observed in Meridiani Planum. The possibility these specimens are abiogenic cannot be ruled out. The evidence, in our view, arguably supports the hypotheses that various organisms colonized Mars in the ancient or recent past.

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Studying Dormancy in Space Conditions

Alekseev

Levinskikh

Novikova

et al. 2019

Dormancy in Aquatic Organisms. Theory, Human Use and Modeling

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Planetary protection challenges in space exploration missions and ways of their resolution with account of Russian exobiology experiments

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of Space Flight Factor on Dormant Stages in Aquatic Organisms: A Review of International Space Station and Terrestrial Experiments

Effect of Space Flight Factor on Dormant Stages in Aquatic Organisms: A Review of International Space Station and Terrestrial Experiments

Cocoons, Fungi, Nematodes, Rhizoids, Annelids, Eggs, Arthropoda in Gale Crater, Mars?

Studying Dormancy in Space Conditions

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