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We have used the full radial extent of images from the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 to extract surface brightness profiles from a sample of six, local lenticular galaxy candidates. We have modelled these profiles using a core-Sérsic bulge plus an exponential disk model. Our lenticular disk galaxies with bulge magnitudes M V −21.30 mag have central stellar deficits, suggesting that these bulges may have formed from 'dry' merger events involving supermassive black holes while their surrounding disk was subsequently built up, perhaps via cold gas accretion scenarios. The central stellar mass deficits M def are roughly 0.5 to 2 M BH (black hole mass), rather than ∼10 to 20 M BH as claimed from some past studies, which is in accord with core-Sérsic model mass deficit measurements in elliptical galaxies. Furthermore, these bulges have Sérsic indices n ∼ 3, half light radii R e < 2 kpc and masses > 10 11 M ⊙ , and therefore appear to be descendants of the compact galaxies reported at z ∼ 1.5 to 2. Past studies which have searched for these local counterparts by using single-component galaxy models to provide the z ∼ 0 size comparisons have over-looked these dense, compact and massive bulges in today's early-type disk galaxies. This evolutionary scenario not only accounts for what are today generally old bulges-which must be present in z ∼ 1.5 images-residing in what are generally young disks, but it eliminates the uncomfortable suggestion of a factor of 3 to 5 growth in size for the compact, z ∼ 1.5 galaxies that are known to possess infant disks.
We have used the full radial extent of images from the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 to extract surface brightness profiles from a sample of six, local lenticular galaxy candidates. We have modelled these profiles using a core-Sérsic bulge plus an exponential disk model. Our lenticular disk galaxies with bulge magnitudes M V −21.30 mag have central stellar deficits, suggesting that these bulges may have formed from 'dry' merger events involving supermassive black holes while their surrounding disk was subsequently built up, perhaps via cold gas accretion scenarios. The central stellar mass deficits M def are roughly 0.5 to 2 M BH (black hole mass), rather than ∼10 to 20 M BH as claimed from some past studies, which is in accord with core-Sérsic model mass deficit measurements in elliptical galaxies. Furthermore, these bulges have Sérsic indices n ∼ 3, half light radii R e < 2 kpc and masses > 10 11 M ⊙ , and therefore appear to be descendants of the compact galaxies reported at z ∼ 1.5 to 2. Past studies which have searched for these local counterparts by using single-component galaxy models to provide the z ∼ 0 size comparisons have over-looked these dense, compact and massive bulges in today's early-type disk galaxies. This evolutionary scenario not only accounts for what are today generally old bulges-which must be present in z ∼ 1.5 images-residing in what are generally young disks, but it eliminates the uncomfortable suggestion of a factor of 3 to 5 growth in size for the compact, z ∼ 1.5 galaxies that are known to possess infant disks.
A.D. and Hainline, K.N. (2014) 'Black hole variability and the star formation-active galactic nucleus connection : do all star-forming galaxies host an active galactic nucleus?', Astrophysical journal., 782 (1). p. 9.
The fraction of star-forming to quiescent dwarf galaxies varies from almost infinity in the field to zero in the centers of rich galaxy clusters. What is causing this pronounced morphology-density relation? What do quiescent dwarf galaxies look like when studied in detail, and what conclusions can be drawn about their formation mechanism? Here we study a nearly magnitudecomplete sample (−19 < M r < −16 mag) of 121 Virgo cluster early types with deep near-infrared images from the SMAKCED project. We fit two-dimensional models with optional inner and outer components, as well as bar and lens components (in ∼15% of the galaxies), to the galaxy images. While a single Sérsic function may approximate the overall galaxy structure, it does not entirely capture the light distribution of two-thirds of our galaxies, for which multi-component models provide a better fit. This fraction of complex galaxies shows a strong dependence on luminosity, being larger for brighter objects. We analyze the global and component-specific photometric scaling relations of early-type dwarf galaxies and discuss similarities with bright early and late types. The dwarfs' global galaxy parameters show scaling relations that are similar to those of bright disk galaxies. The inner components are mostly fitted with Sérsic n values close to 1. At a given magnitude they are systematically larger than the bulges of spirals, suggesting that they are not ordinary bulges. We argue that the multi-component structures in early-type dwarfs are mostly a phenomenon inherent to the disks, and may indeed stem from environmental processing.
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