“…Earlier studies from the Iberian Margin have used these two species as proxies for deciphering the meridional shifts in polar/sub‐polar fronts through time (e.g., Singh et al., 2015, 2023; Vautravers & Shackleton, 2006; Voelker et al., 2009). The abundance variations of G. bulloides and G. glutinata are good indicators of changes in surface productivity and nutrient conditions, as both the species proliferate in the eastern boundary upwelling conditions of the North Atlantic Ocean (e.g., Ottens, 1992; Salgueiro et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2015, 2023; Vautravers & Shackleton, 2006; Wilke et al., 2009). The abundance record of G. inflata combined with N. incompta indicates the PC influence (Salgueiro et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2015, 2023; Vautravers & Shackleton, 2006), because these species show strong correspondence to the North Atlantic Transitional water mass (e.g., Chapman, 2010; Ottens, 1992; Pflaumann et al., 1996).…”