Planned Aerobic Exercise Increases Energy Intake at the Preceding Meal

Abstract

Effects of exercise on subsequent energy intake are well documented, but whether pre-exercise energy intake is affected by future planned exercise is unknown. This study investigated the effect of planned late-afternoon exercise on appetite and energy intake before (breakfast and lunch) and after (evening meal/snacks) exercise. Methods: Twenty healthy, active participants (10 male; age 23 ± 5 y, BMI 23.7 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 , VO2peak 44.1 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) completed randomised, counterbalanced exercise (EX) and resting (REST) trials.After trial notification, participants were provided ad libitum breakfast (0800 h) and lunch (1200 h) in the laboratory, before completing 1-h exercise (30 min cycling, 30 min running) at 75-80% maximal HR (EX; 2661 ± 783 kJ) or 1-h supine rest (REST; 310 ± 58 kJ) 3-h postlunch. Participants were provided a food pack (pasta meal/snacks) for consumption postexercise (outside laboratory). Appetite was measured regularly and meal and 24-hour energy intake quantified. Results: Ad-libitum energy intake was greater during EX at lunch (EX 3450 ± 1049 kJ; REST 3103 ± 927 kJ; P=0.004), but similar between trials at breakfast (EX 2656 ± 1291 kJ; REST 2484 ± 1156 kJ; P=0.648) and dinner (EX 6249 ± 2216 kJ; REST 6240 ± 2585 kJ; P=0.784). Total 24-hour energy intake was similar between trials (P=0.388), meaning relative energy intake (24-h energy intake minus EX/REST energy expenditure), was reduced during EX (EX 9694 ± 3313 kJ; REST 11517 ± 4023 kJ; P=0.004). Conclusion: Energy intake appears to be increased in anticipation of, rather than in response to, aerobic exercise, but the increase was insufficient to compensate for energy expened during exercise, meaning aerobic exercise reduced energy balance relative to rest.

Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males

“…Meal planning often dictates what and how much we eat in advance of an eating occasion, which is likely to be influenced by how much we expect to want to eat or if we anticipate a future need (Brunstrom, 2011). If expected satiety is reduced in anticipation of a period of energy restriction, this may lead to greater portions being consumed in 'preparation', which subsequently compromises the magnitude of energy deficit that is created (Brunstrom et al 2010;Bell, Roe and Rolls, 2003), something that has recently been reported in the context of exercise (Barutcu et al 2019). Given the flexibility in dietary behaviour that is permitted by intermittent energy restriction, it is important to determine whether eating behaviour is affected before the period of energy restriction commences.…”

“…1 Three factor eating questionnaire (Stunkard and Messick, 1985)2 Estiamted via predictive equation(Mifflin et al 1990) …”

An augmented food strategy leads to complete energy compensation during a 15‐day military training expedition in the cold

“…This may result from an anticipatory compensatory behavior. This phenomenon can be cognitive, for example when a high-EE exercise (Barutcu, Taylor, Mcleod, Witcomb, & James, 2020) or a 24-hr severe energy restriction (James, James, & Clayton, 2020) is planned, leading subjects to increase intake at the prior meal or in the prior 24 hr, respectively, or conditioned, such as in humans omitting their habitual afternoon meal during 1 month, with a progressive increased EI at lunch (Chapelot et al, 2006). Even if we have no direct evidence in support of this hypothesis, this is consistent with the well-known superior adaptive power of anticipatory behaviors in energy homeostasis .…”

Planned morning aerobic exercise in a fasted state increases energy intake in the preceding 24 h

“…), these endocrine alterations with exercise do not appear to influence energy intake, at least acutely [ 9 ]. More recently, studies have started to examine eating behaviour in the pre-exercise period [ 25 – 27 ]. In contrast to previous work examining energy intake after aerobic exercise, Barutcu, Witcomb and James [ 26 ] reported that when a post-exercise meal is planned in advance of aerobic exercise, energy intake was ~ 24% greater than for planned rest.…”