Objective-To estimate the frequency, indications, and complications of cesarean hysterectomy.Methods-This was a prospective, 2-year observational study at 13 academic medical centers conducted between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2000 on all women who underwent a hysterectomy at the time of cesarean delivery. Data was abstracted from the medical record by study nurses. The outcomes included procedure frequency, indications, and complications.Results-A total of 186 cesarean hysterectomies (0.5%) were performed from a cohort of 39,244 women who underwent cesarean delivery. The leading indications for hysterectomy were placenta accreta (38%) and uterine atony (34%). Of the hysterectomy cases with a diagnosis recorded as accreta, 18% accompanied a primary cesarean delivery while 82% had a prior procedure (p<0.001). Of the hysterectomy cases with atony recorded as a diagnosis, 59% complicated primary cesarean delivery whereas 41% had a prior cesarean (p< 0.001). Major maternal complications of cesarean hysterectomy included transfusion of red blood cells (84%) and other blood products (34%), fever (11%), subsequent laparotomy (4%), ureteral injury (3%), and death (1.6%). Accreta hysterectomy cases were more likely than atony hysterectomy cases to require ureteral stents (14% versus 3%, p=0.03) and to instill sterile milk into the bladder (23% versus 8%, p=0.02).Conclusion-The rate of cesarean hysterectomy has declined modestly in the last decade. In spite of the use of effective therapies and procedures to control hemorrhage at cesarean delivery, a small proportion of women continue to require hysterectomy to control hemorrhage from both uterine atony and placenta accreta.