Background: Refugees and migrants face inequities in healthcare and vaccination access. Diverse vaccination programs have been implemented globally to address refugee specific COVID-19 inequities to access, hesitancy and barriers to vaccination. The aim of this scoping review was to review evidence on the models of delivery of COVID-19 and other vaccinations for refugee and migrant populations.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Eleven electronic databases including SCOPUS, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science as well as grey literature were searched with the keywords COVID-19, vaccines/immunizations, refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants for all studies published between the years 2000 to October 2023. The main outcome was models of delivery of COVID-19 vaccines or other vaccines for refugee or migrant populations. Models of delivery were reviewed and thematically analyzed using the World Health Organization’s 2022 operational guide, Strengthening COVID-19 vaccine demand and uptake in refugees and migrants.
Results: A total of n=11,825 unique studies were identified through database searches. A total of thirty-three (n=33) studies met full-text inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Fifteen studies (n=15) focused on the COVID-19 vaccine, while other studies (n=18) focused on influenza (n=6), HPV (n=2), Hepatitis B (n=2), multiple vaccines (n=5), and polio, cholera, and meningococcal vaccinations (n=3). COVID-19 vaccine models of delivery often utilized innovative social media strategies and relied on frameworks to drive interventions. Furthermore, models of vaccine delivery included multiple components which leveraged community and multi-stakeholder partnerships and co-design strategies, while striving to deliver culturally-sensitive approaches with accessible vaccination services.
Conclusions: Models of vaccine delivery for refugees and migrants are multipronged, utilizing various strategies and extensive community and multisectoral collaborations to address accessibility barriers in alignment with most WHO recommendations for vaccinating refugee and migrant populations. An increasing reliance on innovative social media, co-design, and customization strategies drives interventions. Further collection and use of disaggregated real-time data to inform and evaluate customized strategies for specific migrant groups is recommended.