Planning and operation of LV distribution networks: a comprehensive review

Al-Ja’Afreh, Mohammad Ahmad A.; Mokryani, Geev

doi:10.1049/iet-esi.2019.0013

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 163 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…Hence, the analysis of the ESS dynamic response is only one step of the problem, which requires integration into a broad optimization involving several time scales. Nonetheless, an inspection of recent literature reviews on ac MG planning (Gamarra and Guerrero, 2015;Al-Jaafreh and Mokryani, 2019) reveals that conditions for frequency stability are largely overlooked in the problem formulation, and most optimization algorithms consider that matching power demand with generation is the only required dynamic constraint, without imposing minimum requirements on system damping or frequency reserves. This is typically justified by the argument that frequency stability analysis in ACPSs requires computationally demanding simulation models that can turn the optimization into an intractable problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Inertial and Primary Frequency Control

Alves¹,

Mota²,

Tedeschi³

2021

Front. Energy Res.

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The exponential rise of renewable energy sources and microgrids brings about the challenge of guaranteeing frequency stability in low-inertia grids through the use of energy storage systems. This paper reviews the frequency response of an ac power system, highlighting its different time scales and control actions. Moreover, it pinpoints main distinctions among high-inertia interconnected systems relying on synchronous machines and low-inertia systems with high penetration of converter-interfaced generation. Grounded on these concepts and with a set of assumptions, it derives algebraic equations to rate an energy storage system providing inertial and primary control. The equations are independent of the energy storage technology, robust to system nonlinearities, and rely on parameters that are typically defined by system operators, industry standards, or network codes. Using these results, the authors provide a step-by-step procedure to size the main components of a converter-interfaced hybrid energy storage system. Finally, a case study of a wind-powered oil and gas platform in the North Sea demonstrates with numerical examples how the proposed methodology 1) can be applied in a practical problem and 2) allows the system designer to take advantage of different technologies and set specific requirements for each storage device and converter according to the type of frequency control provided.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Inertial and Primary Frequency Control

Alves¹,

Mota²,

Tedeschi³

2021

Front. Energy Res.

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“…After the clustering result is obtained, two sub-areas of the terminal nodes are merged into one sub-area under the control of the related SOP. Then, the number of cluster centers N C is determined by (2).…”

Section: Network Partitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growing penetration of distributed generators (DGs), such as wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaics (PVs), brings a series of operational problems to active distribution networks (ADNs), especially severe voltage violation [1,2]. Novel power electronic equipment represented by soft open points (SOPs) can effectively cope with the problems through accurate active and reactive power flow controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized Voltage Control Strategy of Soft Open Points in Active Distribution Networks Based on Sensitivity Analysis

Zhao

Yao

et al. 2020

Electronics

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With the increasing penetration of distributed generators, various operational problems, especially severe voltage violation, threaten the secure operation of active distribution networks. To effectively cope with the voltage fluctuations, novel controllable power electronic equipment represented by soft open points has been used in active distribution networks. Meanwhile, the communication has dramatically increased due to the rise of the variety and number of devices within the network. This paper proposes a decentralized voltage control method of soft open points based on voltage-to-power sensitivity. The method reduces the burden of communication, storage, and calculation effectively in a decentralized manner and fulfills the rapid requirements of large-scale active distribution networks. First, the network is divided into several sub-areas; each is under the control of one soft open point at most. The initial strategies of soft open points are adjusted by local voltage-to-power sensitivity and the voltage information within the sub-areas. If some nodal voltages still exceed the expected range after the sub-area autonomy, the operation strategies of soft open points are further improved by inter-area coordination with the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed decentralized control method is verified on the IEEE 33-node system.

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“…Specifically, guaranteeing frequency stability of low-inertia systems can be a major challenge and requires proper sizing of dispatchable power sources and energy storage. Nevertheless, an inspection of recent literature reviews on ac MG planning [14], [15] shows that conditions for frequency stability are largely overlooked in the problem formulation. Specifically, most optimization algorithms assume that matching power demand with production is the only required dynamic constraint, without imposing minimum requirements on system damping or frequency containment reserves (FCR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sufficient Conditions for Robust Frequency Stability of AC Power Systems

Alves

Bergna-Diaz

Brandão

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Power Syst.

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This paper analyses the frequency stability of ac grids in the presence of non-dispatchable generation and stochastic loads. Its main goal is to evaluate conditions in which the system is robust to large, persistent active power disturbances without recurring to time-domain simulations. Considering the ongoing energy transition to more renewable sources, defining robustness boundaries is a key topic for power system planning and operation. However, much of the research on long-term studies has not dealt with robust dynamic constraints, while shortterm analyses usually depend on time-consuming simulations to evaluate nonlinearities. To bridge this gap, the authors derive an algebraic equation that provides sufficient conditions for robust frequency stability in ac power systems and a relationship among four key quantities: the maximum active power perturbation, the minimum system damping, the steady-state and the transient frequency limits. To achieve this goal, it uses a nonlinear averagemodel of the ac grid and Lyapunov's direct method extended by perturbation analysis requiring only limited knowledge of the system parameters. The algebraic calculations are validated using time-domain simulations of the IEEE 39-bus test system and results are compared to the traditional Swing Equation model.

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Planning and operation of LV distribution networks: a comprehensive review

Cited by 46 publications

References 163 publications

Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Inertial and Primary Frequency Control

Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Inertial and Primary Frequency Control

Decentralized Voltage Control Strategy of Soft Open Points in Active Distribution Networks Based on Sensitivity Analysis

Sufficient Conditions for Robust Frequency Stability of AC Power Systems

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