Planning for a Mars in situ sample preparation and distribution (SPAD) system

Beaty, D. W.; Miller, Sylvia; Zimmerman, Wayne; Bada, Jeffrey L.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Dupuis, Érick; Huntsberger, Terrance L.; Ivlev, R.; Kim, S.S; Lee, B.G; Lindstrom, D. J.; Lorenzoni, L.; Mahaffy, P. R.; McNamara, K. M.; Papanastassiou, D. A.; Patrick, Steven B.; Peters, Sheila Annie; Rohatgi, N.; Simmonds, John J.; Spray, John G.; Swindle, T. D.; Tamppari, L. K.; Treiman, Allan H.; Wolfenbarger, J.K; Zent, A. P.

doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.016

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Efficient extraction of biomarkers from these minerals is the crucial step in detection because many minerals show high potential for the long-term preservation of biomolecules [ 157 , 158 , 159 ]. In order to minimize biases in extraction due to soil particle size, a universal sample preparation method, which may include crushing, grinding or milling of the sample, has been proposed by Beaty et al [ 160 ].…”

Section: Techniques Currently In Use For Biomarker Detection: How mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars

Aerts

Röling

Elsaesser

et al. 2014

Life

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The three main requirements for life as we know it are the presence of organic compounds, liquid water, and free energy. Several groups of organic compounds (e.g., amino acids, nucleobases, lipids) occur in all life forms on Earth and are used as diagnostic molecules, i.e., biomarkers, for the characterization of extant or extinct life. Due to their indispensability for life on Earth, these biomarkers are also prime targets in the search for life on Mars. Biomarkers degrade over time; in situ environmental conditions influence the preservation of those molecules. Nonetheless, upon shielding (e.g., by mineral surfaces), particular biomarkers can persist for billions of years, making them of vital importance in answering questions about the origins and limits of life on early Earth and Mars. The search for organic material and biosignatures on Mars is particularly challenging due to the hostile environment and its effect on organic compounds near the surface. In support of life detection on Mars, it is crucial to investigate analogue environments on Earth that resemble best past and present Mars conditions. Terrestrial extreme environments offer a rich source of information allowing us to determine how extreme conditions affect life and molecules associated with it. Extremophilic organisms have adapted to the most stunning conditions on Earth in environments with often unique geological and chemical features. One challenge in detecting biomarkers is to optimize extraction, since organic molecules can be low in abundance and can strongly adsorb to mineral surfaces. Methods and analytical tools in the field of life science are continuously improving. Amplification methods are very useful for the detection of low concentrations of genomic material but most other organic molecules are not prone to amplification methods. Therefore, a great deal depends on the extraction efficiency. The questions “what to look for”, “where to look”, and “how to look for it” require more of our attention to ensure the success of future life detection missions on Mars.

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Section: Techniques Currently In Use For Biomarker Detection: How mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars

Aerts

Röling

Elsaesser

et al. 2014

Life

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“…Besides, the sampling head has a small volume, light weight, low power consumption and it can sample a full scoop of about 5 cm 3 simply by rotating the spoon one circle, hence it can be used in shallow lunar regolith in-situ sampling quantitatively. [2] longitudinal vibrator, [3] torsional vibrator, [4] transducer horn, [5] sampling motor, [6] gears, [7] external sampling spoon, [8] internal sampling spoon.…”

Section: Mechanical Model Of the Sampling Armmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Instrument Deployment Device (IDD) of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers (2003) and the JPL's Rover are tandem joint type structure arms which have more freedom, although they possess too much weight and contraction volume [4,5] . The structure of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory & Honeybee Robotics rotary hammer ultrasonic/sonic drill system is a spiral tube–screw, which is about 2.7kg in weight and 15cm×10cm×30cm in size [6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Tape-Like Sampling Arm and Drill for Sampling Lunar Regolith

Lü

Ling

Song

et al. 2013

International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems

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For the task of shallow lunar regolith sampling, we have designed a novel Measuring Tapelike Sampling Arm and Drill (MTS) which is a kind of flexible robot. The advantages of the sampling arm are that it has a small shrink volume, long working distance, light weight, low power consumption and good adaptivity, which is driven by one motor only. Furthermore, it has a large reverse torque with a short force arm, so the pushing force is large enough for the end-effector to penetrate into the lunar regolith. The sampling head which includes two opposite rotating parts has no-reaction screw force. The vibrator located in the sampling head can vibrate at frequencies ranging from 1 to 42Hz and can result in resonance of the sampling head. Therefore, it can improve the efficiency of thrusting, sampling and casting throw. We have carried out theoretical analysis, simulations and experimental studies and it is has been proved that the sampler can sample quantitatively at a of depth of 10 cm in simulated lunar regolith (model CAS-1), cement and sand.

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“…13 Recent studies showed that a combination of conventional drilling techniques with ultrasonic vibration can address the key shortcomings of the drilling in planetary exploration missions. 12,15 Machining processes that employ ultrasonic vibration as an assistance can be divided into two main categories: ultrasonic machining (USM) and rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM). USM removes material by the abrasive particles in the form of slurry that accelerated and vibrated by the tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotary ultrasonic machining of rocks: An experimental investigation

Fernando

Zhang

Pei

2018

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Rock drilling is widely used to explore and mine energy resources. It has also been used to extract samples to study the earth's geological composition and topography and to explore different planets. Percussive drilling is, as of right now, the most commonly used rock drilling method. Due to the high hardness and abrasiveness of rock, tool wear in rock drilling is severe, thus limiting its penetration rate and resulting in high cost. Therefore, it is crucial to develop more costeffective rock drilling processes. Rotary ultrasonic machining has been used to drill many materials including metal alloys, ceramics, and composites, and its cost advantages have been demonstrated in many previous studies. This article presents the first experimental investigation of rotary ultrasonic machining of rocks. Three types of rocks (basalt, marble, and travertine) were used. Six input variables (tool rotation speed, feedrate, ultrasonic power, abrasive size, abrasive concentration, and drill bit diameter) were examined and two output variables (cutting force and surface roughness) were measured. Results indicate that rotary ultrasonic machining can drill holes of high quality on rocks of different hardness with a much lower cutting force and at a penetration rate of approximately three times faster than percussive drilling.

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Planning for a Mars in situ sample preparation and distribution (SPAD) system

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars

Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars

Measuring Tape-Like Sampling Arm and Drill for Sampling Lunar Regolith

Rotary ultrasonic machining of rocks: An experimental investigation

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