“…Good examples include water supply and waste management at different scales (Table 3.1) Plate 3.3: Even in the humid tropics, high density, low income areas often lack the greenery of high income areas, with exposed brown earth reflecting a lack of investment and maintained public spaces, and sometimes also livestock grazing pressure. The multi-purpose value of trees, like this one planted as part of an action research project in peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana, is therefore high (Photo © David Simon) and the numerous co-benefits of urban and peri-urban agriculture in terms of urban greening, rainfall run-off interception, and providing important subsistence and often also commercial livelihoods and health through physical activity and improved diets (Plate 3.4) (Allen et al, 2002, 35-8;Bolnick et al, 2006, 26-34;Lwasa et al, 2015;James and O'Neill, 2016).…”