Plant‐Actuated Micro–Nanorobotics Platforms: Structural Designs, Functional Prospects, and Biomedical Applications

Luthfikasari, Rachmi; Patil, Tejal V.; Patel, Dinesh Kumar; Dutta, Sayan Deb; Ganguly, Keya; Espinal, Maria Mercedes

doi:10.1002/smll.202201417

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(270 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, targeted binding antibodies could help in treating only diseased tissue, resulting in fewer side effects, by selectively functionalizing the micromotor outer surface. [ 124 ]…”

Section: Acoustically Driven Micro/nanorobotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications

Elnaggar,

Kang,

Tian

et al. 2024

Small Science

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The emergence of micro/nanorobotics stands poised to revolutionize various biomedical applications, given its potential to offer precision, reduced invasiveness, and enhanced functionality. In the face of such potential, understanding the mechanisms that drive these tiny robots, especially their actuation techniques, becomes critical. Although there is a surge in research dedicated to micro/nanorobotics, there exists a gap in consolidating the diverse actuation strategies and their suitability for biomedical applications. This comprehensive review seeks to bridge this gap by providing an in‐depth evaluation of the current actuation techniques employed by micro/nanorobots, particularly emphasizing their relevance and potential for clinical translation. The discussion starts by elucidating the different actuation strategies, ranging from magnetic, electric, acoustic, light‐based, to chemical and biological mechanisms. Then, various examples and meticulous assessment of each technique are offered, spotlighting their respective merits and limitations within a biomedical context. This review illuminates the transformative capabilities of these actuation methods in medicine. It not only highlights the progress made in this burgeoning field but also underscores the areas that require further exploration and development.

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Section: Acoustically Driven Micro/nanorobotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications

Elnaggar,

Kang,

Tian

et al. 2024

Small Science

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“…Nevertheless, stimuli-responsive micro/nanoplatforms and their fabrication and working principles can be studied in detail in the available literature. [65,[180][181][182][183]…”

Section: Physical Stimulations For Macrophage Polarization On Advance...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimuli‐Mediated Macrophage Switching, Unraveling the Dynamics at the Nanoplatforms–Macrophage Interface

Ganguly,

Luthfikasari,

Randhawa

et al. 2024

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Macrophages play an essential role in immunotherapy and tissue regeneration owing to their remarkable plasticity and diverse functions. Recent bioengineering developments have focused on using external physical stimuli such as electric and magnetic fields, temperature, and compressive stress, among others, on micro/nanostructures to induce macrophage polarization, thereby increasing their therapeutic potential. However, it is difficult to find a concise review of the interaction between physical stimuli, advanced micro/nanostructures, and macrophage polarization. This review examines the present research on physical stimuli‐induced macrophage polarization on micro/nanoplatforms, emphasizing the synergistic role of fabricated structure and stimulation for advanced immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. We provide a concise overview of the research advancements investigating the impact of physical stimuli‐including electric fields, magnetic fields, compressive forces, fluid shear stress, photothermal stimuli, and multiple stimulations on the polarization of macrophages within complex engineered structures. The prospective implications of these strategies in regenerative medicine and immunotherapeutic approaches have been highlighted. This review will aid in creating stimuli‐responsive platforms for immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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“…The awns of wild oat appear to satisfy all requisites of a robot. As they detach from the plant, the seed-carrying awns are non-living structures that execute a program aimed at better seed dispersal and plantation [7,8]. The awns react to humidity by twisting their helical structure made of hygroscopic fibers of cellulose.…”

Section: Case Study 1: Awns Of Wild Oatmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to measure embodied intelligence?

Vihmar,

Valdur,

Banerji

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Embodied intelligence (EI) summarizes design approaches that give robots efficient physical interaction with their surrounding environment. EI has, to date, found an extensive descriptive treatment yet lacks universal metrics. Could we quantify EI? What would be the EI analog to intelligence quotient (IQ) in humans? We first suggest an intelligent unit (intel-unit) as the smallest entity that displays program execution beyond simple stimuli-responsiveness. The emergence of EI by situatedness of encoded physical agents in an environment is explored in three case studies. First, an awn of a wild oat – a non-living structure in nature that satisfies all robot’s descriptions – is analyzed in terms of material-level intelligence. Next, a jocular quantitative scale found with a popular gadget – the ‘fortune teller fish’ – is given treatment in the EI context. Finally, the learned and summarized EI principles are tested on a well-known object with perceived intelligence yet lacking a consensual robotic description – a knitted woollen sweater. We confirm the necessity of treating environment interactions in expressions and definitions of EI, as situatedness is central in defining functionality. Universal metrics would identify non-intuitive representations of EI and lead from empirical to model-based design of unconventional robots. Robots that engage situatedness provide a physical interface to artificial intelligence, similar to our bodies communicating with our brains.

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Plant‐Actuated Micro–Nanorobotics Platforms: Structural Designs, Functional Prospects, and Biomedical Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 192 publications

State of the Art in Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications

State of the Art in Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications

Stimuli‐Mediated Macrophage Switching, Unraveling the Dynamics at the Nanoplatforms–Macrophage Interface

How to measure embodied intelligence?

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