Plant and Leaf Resistance to Gaseous Air Pollution Stress

Taylor, George

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb01584.x

Cited by 64 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Levitt's definition of stress can be modified to include any environmental factor with the capacity to elicit a chemical or physical change (metabolic adjustment), regardless of whether the change is beneficial or detrimental to the organism. An organism's response to stress may involve interactions among various avoidance and tolerance mechanisms (Tingey and Anderson, 1991;Tingey and Taylor, 1982;Taylor, 1978). Stress avoidance mechanisms influence the amount and rate at which stress will reach the target site in the plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Entry

Rygiewicz

Watrud

et al. 2002

Advances in Environmental Research

205

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The majority of plants have mycorrhizal fungi associated with them. Mycorrhizal fungi are ecologically significant because they form relationships in and on the roots of a host plant in a symbiotic association. The host plant provides the fungus with soluble carbon sources, and the fungus provides the host plant with an increased capacity to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Adverse conditions are a pervasive feature in both natural and agronomic soils. The soil environment is constantly changing with regard to moisture, temperature and nutrient availability. In addition, soil properties are often manipulated to improve crop yields. In many cases, soils may be contaminated through disposal of chemicals that are toxic to plants and microorganisms. The formation and function of mycorrhizal relationships are affected by edaphic conditions such as soil composition, moisture, temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity, and also by anthropogenic stressors including soil compaction, metals and pesticides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are of interest for their reported roles in alleviation of diverse soil-associated plant stressors, including those induced by metals and polychlorinated aliphatic and phenolic pollutants. Much mycorrhizal research has investigated the impact of extremes in water, temperature, pH and inorganic nutrient availability on mycorrhizal formation and nutrient acquisition. Evaluation of the efficacy of plant-mycorrhizal associations to remediate soils contaminated with toxic materials deserves increased attention. Before the full potential benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to reclaim contaminated soils can be realized, research advances are needed to improve our understanding of the physiology of mycorrhizae subjected to adverse physical and chemical conditions. This paper will review literature and discuss the implications of soil contamination on formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. C

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Entry

Rygiewicz

Watrud

et al. 2002

Advances in Environmental Research

205

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“…Plants can limit the damage caused by exposure to oxidizing environmental pollutants such as ozone by avoidance or tolerance (Taylor, 1978). Avoidance involves limiting entry of ozone to the interior of the leaf through stomatal closure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing Tolerance to Ozone by Elevating Foliar Ascorbic Acid Confers Greater Protection against Ozone Than Increasing Avoidance

2005

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Ascorbic acid (Asc) is the most abundant antioxidant in plants and serves as a major contributor to the cell redox state. Exposure to environmental ozone can cause significant damage to plants by imposing conditions of oxidative stress. We examined whether increasing the level of Asc through enhanced Asc recycling would limit the deleterious effects of environmental oxidative stress. Plants overexpressing dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which results in an increase in the endogenous level of Asc, were exposed to acute or chronic levels of ozone. DHAR-overexpressing plants had a lower oxidative load, a lower level of oxidative-related enzyme activities, a higher level of chlorophyll, and a higher level of photosynthetic activity 24 h following an acute exposure (2 h) to 200 ppb ozone than control plants, despite exhibiting a larger stomatal area. Reducing the size of the Asc pool size through suppression of DHAR expression had the opposite effect. Following a chronic exposure (30 d) to 100 ppb ozone, plants with a larger Asc pool size maintained a larger stomatal area and a higher oxidative load, but retained a higher level of photosynthetic activity than control plants, whereas plants suppressed for DHAR had a substantially reduced stomatal area, but also a substantially lower level of photosynthetic activity. Together, these data indicate that, despite a reduced ability to respond to ozone through stomatal closure, increasing the level of Asc through enhanced Asc recycling provided greater protection against oxidative damage than reducing stomatal area.Despite its essential role in supporting life, oxygen can be highly damaging. In the chloroplast, excess light can result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g. reduction of O 2 to superoxide that can occur in PSII or PSI by electrons derived from PSII. O 2 2 is then disproportionated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) to O 2 and H 2 O 2 . The H 2 O 2 is further reduced to H 2 O by ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the water-water cycle (Asada, 2000). This cycle serves to maintain electron flow through the photosystems. However, exposure to many abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, or high light, can exacerbate ROS production by creating conditions of light stress at lower photon flux density. H 2 O 2 inactivates APX within seconds if ascorbic acid (Asc) recycling is impaired (Miyake and Asada, 1996). H 2 O 2 can also inhibit CO 2 assimilation by inhibiting several Calvin cycle enzymes (Asada, 1999). ROS can also be generated in response to exposure to pollutants, such as ozone (Grimes et al., 1983;Mudd, 1997;Schraudner et al., 1998), which can serve as signaling intermediates in guard cells to promote stomatal closure (Pei et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2001) or, following a severe exposure, can damage cell membranes or even induce programmed cell death Overmyer et al., 2000;Rao et al., 2000;Loreto et al., 2001;Pasqualini et al., 2002Pasqualini et al., , 2003.Asc is the most abundant antioxidant in plants and serves as the major contributor to the ...

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“…According to Taylor (19786), total plant resistance to a stress like gaseous air pollution, is a consequence of two general mechanisms, {a) stress avoidance and {b) stress tolerance. Stress tolerance is subdivided furtber into strain avoidance and strain tolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth responses of mutants of spring barley to fumigation with SO₂ and NO₂in combination

Kasana¹,

Lea

1994

New Phytologist

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SUMM.ARYThis study was undertaken to evaluate the range of variation in growth responses of sodium azide-induced Mm utants (stocks SI and S2) of spring barley, Hordeum vulgare. L. cv. Maris Mink, in relation to air pollution tolerance or sensitivity. The preliminary screening experiment with 150 nl I"' concentrations of SO^ and NOg in combination for 10 d, yielded well-defined sensitive and tolerant lines in both the stocks. However, the percentage frequency distribution of plants in different injury classes varied and stock S2 sbowed a better segregation of different lines. In a subsequent experiment, treatment with a mixture of each gas at lQO nl 1"' concentration for 22 d caused a variable degree of growth reduction. As a result of air pollution treatment, most of the growth parameters were significantly {P < 0-001) reduced in the sensitive lines of both the stocks, whereas the tolerant lines showed a marked resistance to the growth inhibitory effect of the pollutants. The magnitude of the difference between the sensitivities of different lines was usually double or more, and the effects were, more pronounced in stock S2 than in stock SI. Root dry weight was more adversely affected than shoot dry weight in sensitive lines of both the stocks. The results indicated that inter-line differences in growth responses of these mutants were wide ranging, distinct and consistent. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that artificial mutations may cause a markedly broad base of variation in air pollution sensitivity of crop plants which may be used in future piant breeding progranritnes of pollution tolerant cultivars.

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Plant and Leaf Resistance to Gaseous Air Pollution Stress

Cited by 64 publications

References 59 publications

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Increasing Tolerance to Ozone by Elevating Foliar Ascorbic Acid Confers Greater Protection against Ozone Than Increasing Avoidance

Growth responses of mutants of spring barley to fumigation with SO₂ and NO₂in combination

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Plant and Leaf Resistance to Gaseous Air Pollution Stress

Cited by 64 publications

References 59 publications

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas

Increasing Tolerance to Ozone by Elevating Foliar Ascorbic Acid Confers Greater Protection against Ozone Than Increasing Avoidance

Growth responses of mutants of spring barley to fumigation with SO2 and NO2in combination

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Growth responses of mutants of spring barley to fumigation with SO₂ and NO₂in combination