Plant-Based Diet Indices and Their Association with Frailty in Older Adults: A CLHLS-Based Cohort Study

Objective: Plant-based diets (PBD) are generally promoted as beneficial for health. However, whether this is also the case at older ages, when energy deficits, muscle loss and frailty affect health, is unclear. Research has shown that among older adults, particularly in men, a healthful PBD is associated with a lower frailty risk. This relation was however, not studied in the context of socio-economic status (SES), a major factor influencing the risk of frailty. Therefore, we aim to assess whether plant-based diets associate with frailty risk at older ages and whether this association is moderated by sex and income in a large population-based dataset. Methods: we investigated data from the UK Biobank (UKB) (n=73 180, mean age=55.48±7.87). We applied a plant-based diet index [range 17-85], differentiating between a healthful (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet (uPDI). Frailty was assessed by the Fried frailty phenotype and categorized into 0-4 symptoms of frailty. Average household income was divided into three categories: low (<18.000 GBP), medium (18.000-52.000 GBP) and high (>52.000 GBP). We applied an ordinal logistic regression model with frailty as the categorical outcome and PDI as continuous predictor while adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, BMI and UKB assessment center. Secondly, we included an interaction term (PDI*sex*income). To identify subgroups driving any interactions, we stratified by sex and subsequently by income group to determine the effect of PDI in subgroups while additionally adjusting for lifestyle factors. Results: a 10-unit increase in hPDI, was associated with 3.4% lower odds for frailty (OR=0.966, 95%CI [0.946, 0.987]), whereas a 10-unit increase in uPDI was associated with 7.7% greater odds for frailty (OR=1.077, 95%CI [1.054, 1.101]). The association between uPDI and frailty was moderated by income and sex (uPDI*income*sex, p=0.002), whereas no such moderation was found for hPDI (p=0.602). Subsequent stratification reveals a significant effect of uPDI on frailty particularly among men with low income (OR=1.177, 95% CI [1.069, 1.298]), but not for women. This association in men largely persisted after adjustment for additional lifestyle factors (OR=1.119, 95%CI [0.995, 1.258]). Conclusion: we observed that adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet was associated with a higher risk for frailty. This relation was especially observed for men with lower incomes and not explained by other lifestyle factors. Therefore, this group may profit from refraining from an unhealthful plant-based diet.

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The Relationship between Plant-Based Diet Indices and Sleep Health in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety

Liu,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Background: The goal of our research was to determine the effects of plant-based dietary patterns on sleep health among older adults and to examine the parallel mediated effects of anxiety and depression. Methods: This investigation utilized data obtained from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and contained 6853 participants. Logistic regression and the restricted cubic splines (RCSs) model were employed to examine how plant-based dietary patterns affect sleep health. Additionally, Amos 26.0 was used to construct a structural equation model to examine the parallel mediated effects of anxiety and depression. Results: A higher plant-based diet index (PDI) was connected to higher odds of better sleep quality (OR = 1.209, 95% CI: 1.039–1.407) and sleep duration (OR = 1.241, 95% CI: 1.072–1.437). Conversely, an elevated unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI) was correlated with a lower likelihood of sleep quality (OR = 0.678, 95% CI: 0.574–0.800) and sleep duration (OR = 0.762, 95% CI: 0.647–0.896). The RCSs regression further identified a significant dose–response relationship. Mediation analysis confirmed that anxiety and depression partially mediate the relationship between plant-based diets and sleep health. Conclusions: Our study exhibited significant correlations between plant-based diets and sleep health in the elderly. Depression and anxiety were determined as parallel mediators between plant-based diets and sleep health. Controlling early dietary patterns and affective disorder could help improve sleep quality in older adults.

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Plant-Based Diet Indices and Their Association with Frailty in Older Adults: A CLHLS-Based Cohort Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 64 publications

Unhealthful plant-based diet associates with frailty risk predominantly in men with low income from the UK Biobank cohort

Unhealthful plant-based diet associates with frailty risk predominantly in men with low income from the UK Biobank cohort

Unhealthful plant-based diet associates with frailty risk predominantly in men with low income from the UK Biobank cohort

The Relationship between Plant-Based Diet Indices and Sleep Health in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety

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