Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications

Abstract

In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.

Momordica. charantia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-Like Nanovesicles Protect Cardiomyocytes Against Radiation Injury via Attenuating DNA Damage and Mitochondria Dysfunction

“…Accarie et al showed that intravenously injection of human mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs protected the intestinal epithelium's integrity in a mouse model of acute radiation syndrome ( 22 ). Lately, the utility of plant-derived EVs in therapeutic drugs has also gained substantial interest ( 23 , 24 ). Hence, we intended to isolate EVs from M. charantia that its extract polysaccharide had neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via scavenging excessive free radicals ( 9 ) and enhancing neural stem cells proliferation ( 10 ) and differentiation ( 11 ).…”

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges

“…The lipid composition of P-EVs is different from that of EVs extracted from animal cells. However, the study of the lipid composition of P-EVs has become attractive since it has been shown that they can interact with and internalize by animal cells [ 85 ]. Therefore, the composition of lipids has a direct impact on the biological function of P-EVs [ 47 ].…”

“…EVs derived from non-toxic plants can eliminate the problems associated with existing nanosized delivery systems due to their natural composition, origin, and opportunity to extract them in bulk from economical plant sources [ 85 ] (Fig. 4 ).…”

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From Microalgae: A Renewable and Scalable Bioprocess

“…A growing interest is also arising from the study and exploitation of EVs or, more in general, of micro- and nano-sized vesicles, derived from non-human sources, such as bacteria ( Bitto and Kaparakis-Liaskos, 2017 ), bovine milk ( Kleinjan et al, 2021 ; Samuel et al, 2021 ), and edible plants ( Wang et al, 2014 ; Raimondo et al, 2015 ; Bokka et al, 2020 ; Stanly et al, 2020 ; Raimondo et al, 2021 ). In particular, plant-derived vesicles are currently considered as biocompatible, sustainable, green, next-generation nanocarriers ( Kameli et al, 2021 ; Urzì et al, 2021 ).…”